Pain assessment tools for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities: a systematic review

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: •• of considerable interest

References

• 1 Monroe TB, Misra SK, Habermann R et al. Pain reports and pain medication treatment in nursing home residents with and without dementia. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 14(3), 541–548 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 2 Gilmore-Bykovskyi AL, Bowers BJ. Understanding nurses’ decisions to treat pain in nursing home residents with dementia. Res. Gerontol. Nurs. 6(2), 127–138 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 3 Lin PC, Lin LC, Shyu YI, Hua MS. Predictors of pain in nursing home residents with dementia: a cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Nurs. 20(13–14), 1849–57 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4 Bruneau B. Barriers to the management of pain in dementia care. Nurs. Times 110(28), 14–16 (2014).
  Google Scholar
• 5 Nay R, Fetherstonhaugh D. What is pain? A phenomenological approach to understanding. Int. J. Older. People Nurs. 7(3), 233–239 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 6 Zwakhalen SM, van't HOF CE, Hamers JP. Systematic pain assessment using an observational scale in nursing home residents with dementia. J. Clin. Nurs. 21(21–22), 3009–3017 (2012). •• Shortened versions of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate (PACSLAC) that have been drawn to attention in the ‘Conclusion’ section.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 7 Monroe TB, Herr KA, Mion LC, Cowan EL. Ethical and legal issues in pain research in cognitively impaired older adults. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 50(9), 1283–1287 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 8 Lu DF, Herr K. Pain in dementia: recognition and treatment. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 38(2), 8–13 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9 Torvik K, Kassa S, Kirkevold O, Rustøen T. Pain and quality of life among residents of Norwegian nursing homes. Pain Manag. Nurs. 11(1), 35–44 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10 Ferrell BA, Ferrell BR, Osterweil D. Pain in the nursing home. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 38(4), 409–414 (1990).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 11 Krulewich H, London MR, Skakel VJ et al. Assessment of pain in cognitively impaired older adults: a comparison of pain assessment tools and their use by nonprofessional caregivers. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 48(12), 1607–1611 (2000).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 12 Farrell MJ, Katz B, Helme RD. The impact of dementia on the pain experience. Pain 67(1), 7–15 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13 Zwakhalen SM, Hamers JP, Berger MP. Improving the clinical usefulness of a behavioural pain scale for older people with dementia. J. Adv. Nurs. 58(5), 493–502 (2007). •• Shortened versions of the PACSLAC that have been drawn to attention in the ‘Conclusion’ section.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 14 Herr K, Bjoro K, Decker K. Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: a state-of-the-science review. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 31(2), 170–192 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 15 Zwakhalen SM, Hamers JP, Abu-Saad HH, Berger MP. Pain in elderly people with severe dementia: a systematic review of behavioural pain assessment tools. BMC Geriatr. 6(3), 3 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 16 Stolee P, Hillier LM, Esbaugh J et al. Instruments for the assessment of pain in older persons with cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53(2), 319–326 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 17 Hadjistavropoulos TP, Herr KP, Turk DCP et al. An interdisciplinary expert consensus statement on assessment of pain in older persons. Clin. J. Pain 23(Suppl. 1), S1–S43 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 18 Chapman CR. Progress in pain assessment: the cognitively compromised patient. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol. 21(5), 610–615 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 19 Juyoung P, Castellanos-Brown K, Belcher J. A review of observational pain scales in nonverbal elderly with cognitive impairments. Res. Soc. Work Pract. 20(6), 651–664 (2010).
  Google Scholar
• 20 Van Herk R, Van Dijk M, Baar FP, Tibboel D, De Wit R. Observation scales for pain assessment in older adults with cognitive impairments or communication difficulties. Nurs. Res. 56(1), 34–43 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 21 Herr K. Pain assessment strategies in older patients. J. Pain 12(Suppl. 1), S3–S13 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 22 Husebo BS, Achterberg W, Flo E. Identifying and managing pain in people with alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia: a systematic review. CNS Drugs 30(6), 481–497 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 23 Lichtner V, Dowding D, Esterhuizen P et al. Pain assessment for people with dementia: a systematic review of systematic reviews of pain assessment tools. BMC Geriatr. 14, 138 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 24 Corbett A, Husebo BS, Achterberg WP, Aarsland D, Erdal A, Flo E. The importance of pain management in older people with dementia. Br. Med. Bull. 111(1), 139–148 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 25 Ahn H, Garvan C, Lyon D. Pain and aggression in nursing home residents with dementia. Nurs. Res. 64(4), 256–263 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 26 Barry HE, Parsons C, Passmore AP, Hughes CM. Pain in care home residents with dementia: an exploration of frequency, prescribing and relatives’ perspectives. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 30(1), 55–63 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 27 Brown CA. Pain in communication impaired residents with dementia: analysis of Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) data. Dementia 9(3), 375–389 (2010).
  Google Scholar
• 28 Cervo FA, Bruckenthal P, Fields S et al. The role of the CNA Pain Assessment Tool (CPAT) in the pain management of nursing home residents with dementia. Geriatr. Nurs. 33(6), 430–438 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 29 Chan S, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, Lints-Martindale A. Evidence-based development and initial validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate-II (PACSLAC-II). Clin. J. Pain 30(9), 816–824 (2014). •• Shortened versions of the PACSLAC that have been drawn attention to the ‘Conclusion’ section.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 30 Cheung G, Choi P. The use of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate (PACSLAC) by caregivers in dementia care facilities. NZ Med. J. 121, 21–29 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 31 Cohen-Mansfield J. The relationship between different pain assessments in dementia. Alzeimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 22(1), 86–93 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 32 Ersek M, Herr K, Neradilek MB, Buck HG, Black B. Comparing the psychometric properties of the Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Behaviours (CNPI) and the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAIN-AD) Instruments. Pain Med. 11(3), 395–404 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 33 Fuchs-Lacelle S, Hadjistavropoulos T, Lix L. Pain assessment as intervention. Clin. J. Pain 24(8), 697–707 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 34 Hadjistavropoulos T, Voyer P, Sharpe D, Verreault R, Aubin M. Assessing pain in dementia patients with comorbid delirium and/or depression. Pain Manage. Nurs. 9(2), 48–54 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 35 Horgas A, Nichols AL, Schapson CA, Vietes K. Assessing pain in patients with dementia: relationships among the non-communicative patient's pain assessment instrument, self-report, and behavioural observations. Pain Manage. Nurs. 8(2), 77–85 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 36 Husebo BS, Ostelo R, Strand LI. The MOBID-2 pain scale: reliability and responsiveness to pain in patients with dementia. Eur. J. Pain 18(10), 1419–1430 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37 Jordan A, Hughes J, Pakresi M, Hepburn S, O'Brien JT. The utility of PAINAD in assessing pain in a UK population with severe dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 26(2), 118–126 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 38 Kaasalainen S, Akhtar-Danesh N, Hadjistavropoulos T, Zwakhalen S, Verreault R. A comparison between behavioural and verbal report pain assessment tools for use with residents in long term care. Pain Manage. Nurs. 14, e106–e114 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 39 Liu JYW, Lai C. Implementation of observational pain management protocol to improve pain management for long-term institutionalized older care residents with dementia: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 15, 15–78 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 40 Mahoney AEJ, Peters L. The Mahoney pain scale: examining pain and agitation in advanced dementia. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 23(3), 250–261 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 41 Manias E, Gibson SJ, Finch S. Testing an educational nursing intervention for pain assessment and management in older people. Pain Med. 12(8), 1199–1215 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 42 Sandvik RK, Selbaek G, Seifert R et al. Impact of a stepwise protocol for treating pain on pain intensity in nursing home patients with dementia: a cluster randomized trial. Eur. J. Pain 18(10), 1490–1500 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43 Snow AL, Weber JB, O'Malley KJ et al. NOPPAIN: a nursing assistant-administered pain assessment instrument for use in dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Dis. 17(3), 240–246 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 44 Tang M, Wollsen M, Aagard L. Pain monitoring and medication assessment in elderly nursing home residents with dementia. J. Res. Pharm. Pract. 5(2), 126–131 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 45 Villanueva MR, Smith TL, Erickson JS, Lee AC, Singer CM. Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (PADE): reliability and validity of a new measure. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 4(1), 1–8 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 46 Pautex S, Michon A, Guedira M et al. Pain in severe dementia: self-assessment or observational scales? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54(7), 1040–1045 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 47 Lukas A, Niederecker T, Gunther I, Mayer B, Nikolaus T. Self- and proxy report for the assessment of pain in patients with and without cognitive impairment: experiences gained in a geriatric hospital. Z Gerontol. Geriatr. 46(3), 214–21 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48 Hadjistavropoulos T, Herr K, Prkachin K et al. Pain assessment in elderly adults with dementia. Lancet Neurol. 13(12), 1216–1227 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 49 Horgas AL, Elliott AF, Marsiske M. Pain assessment in persons with dementia: relationship between self-report and behavioural observation. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 57(1), 126–132 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 50 Scherder EJ, Bouma A. Visual analogue scales for pain assessment in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology 46(1), 47–53 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51 Cohen-Mansfield J. Relatives’ assessment of pain in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 24(6), 562–571 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 52 Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 4(1), 9–15 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 53 Lefebvre-Chapiro S. The DOLOPLUS 2 scale – evaluating pain in the elderly. EJPC 8, 191–194 (2001).
  Google Scholar
• 54 Fuchs-Lacelle S, Hadjistavropoulos T. Development and preliminary validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate (PACSLAC). Pain Manag. Nurs. 5(1), 37–49 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 55 American Geriatrics Society Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Clinical practice guidelines: the management of persistent pain in older persons. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 50(Suppl. 6), S205–S224 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 56 Lints-Martindale AC, Hadjistavropoulos T, Lix LM et al. A comparative investigation of observational pain assessment tools for older adults with dementia. Clin. J. Pain 28(3), 226–237 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 57 Hadjistavropoulos T, Kaasalainen S, Williams J, Zacharias R. Improving pain assessment practices and outcomes in long-term facilities: a mixed methods investigation. Pain Manage. Nurs. 15(4), 748–759 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 58 Herr K, Bursch H, Ersek M, Miller LL, Swafford K. Use of pain-behavioral assessment tools in the nursing home: expert consensus recommendations for practice. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 36(3), 18–29 (2012).
  Google Scholar