Review

Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical University, Wei Fang, Shandong, 261053, China

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China

National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, 200240, China

‡The author contributed equally

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Mengjie Hou‡

National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, 200240, China

‡The author contributed equally

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Junxiang Hao‡

Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical University, Wei Fang, Shandong, 261053, China

National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, 200240, China

‡The author contributed equally

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Yanhan Liu

Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China

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Guangyu Ji

*Author for correspondence: Tel.: +86 212 327 1699;

E-mail Address: jigy_dor@163.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3525-1008

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China

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Guangdong Zhou

**Author for correspondence: Tel.: +86 212 327 1699;

E-mail Address: guangdongzhou@126.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-2733

Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical University, Wei Fang, Shandong, 261053, China

National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, 200240, China

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Published Online:15 Jun 2022https://doi.org/10.2217/rme-2022-0023

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Abstract

Cartilage defects trouble millions of patients worldwide and their repair via conventional treatment is difficult. Excitingly, tissue engineering technology provides a promising strategy for efficient cartilage regeneration with structural regeneration and functional reconstruction. Seed cells, as biological prerequisites for cartilage regeneration, determine the quality of regenerated cartilage. The proliferation, differentiation and chondrogenesis of seed cells are greatly affected by their type, origin and generation. Thus, a systematic description of the characteristics of seed cells is necessary. This article reviews in detail the cellular characteristics, research progress, clinical translation challenges and future research directions of seed cells while providing guidelines for selecting appropriate seed cells for cartilage regeneration.

Graphical abstract

Plain language summary

Cartilage defects affect millions of patients worldwide and their repair via conventional treatment is quite difficult. Excitingly, tissue engineering technology provides a promising strategy for efficient cartilage regeneration. The seed cell, as a biological prerequisite for cartilage regeneration, determines the quality of regenerated cartilage. This article reviews in detail the cellular characteristics, research progress, clinical translation challenges and future research directions of various chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells and stem cells. Chondrocytes, especially elastic chondrocytes, could complete subcutaneous cartilage regeneration, whereas stem cells are superior for composite defects, allografts and cartilage defects caused by inflammation. In brief, this article provides a guide for selecting appropriate seed cells for cartilage regeneration.

Keywords:

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

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Vol. 17, No. 9

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Received 11 February 2022

Accepted 11 May 2022

Published online 15 June 2022

Published in print September 2022

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Keywords

Author contributions

GD Zhou and GY Ji: designed the article. BS Bai: conceptualization, formal analysis and writing the original draft. MJ Hou and JX Hao: formal analysis. BS Bai, MJ Hou and JX Hao wrote the article and contributed equally. YH Liu corrected the manuscript language. GD Zhou and GY Ji conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision and manuscript review and editing; these authors made equal contributions to the article. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1103900, 2018YFC1105803), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871502, 81701843 and 81671837), the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader (19XD1431100), the Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Program on Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (2019CXJQ01) and the Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (no. SHDC2020CR2045B). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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Research progress in seed cells for cartilage tissue engineering

Abstract

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