Update on HLA-B*15:02 allele associated with adverse drug reactions

References

• 1. Cacabelos R, Cacabelos N, Carril JC. The role of pharmacogenomics in adverse drug reactions. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 12(5), 407–442 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2. Pichler WJ. Immune pathomechanism and classification of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy 74(8), 1457–1471 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3. Zhang J, Lei Z, Xu C et al. Current perspectives on severe drug eruption. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 61(3), 282–298 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4. Shoshi A, Hoppe T, Kormeier B et al. GraphSAW: a web-based system for graphical analysis of drug interactions and side effects using pharmaceutical and molecular data. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 15, 15 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5. Negrini S, Becquemont L. Pharmacogenetics of hypersensitivity drug reactions. Therapie 72(2), 231–243 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 6. Li Y, Deshpande P, Hertzman RJ et al. Genomic risk factors driving immune-mediated delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions. Front. Genet. 12, 641905 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 7. Chung WH, Hung SI, Hong HS et al. Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Nature 428(6982), 486 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8. Ferrell PB, Mcleod HL. Carbamazepine, HLA-B*15:02 and risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA recommendations. Pharmacogenomics 9(10), 1543–1546 (2008).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 9. Alvestad S, Lydersen S, Brodtkorb E. Cross-reactivity pattern of rash from current aromatic antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. 80(2–3), 194–200 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 10. Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex. The MHC sequencing consortium. Nature 401(6756), 921–923 (1999).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 11. Liu DH, Mou FF, An M, Xia P. Human leukocyte antigen and tumor immunotherapy (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 62(6), 1–14 (2023).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 12. Barker DJ, Maccari G, Georgiou X et al. The IPD-IMGT/HLA database. Nucleic Acids Res. 51(D1), D1053–D1060 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13. Robinson J, Halliwell JA, Hayhurst JD et al. The IPD and IMGT/HLA database: allele variant databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Database Issue), D423–D431 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14. Zhou Y, Krebs K, Milani L, Lauschke VM. Global frequencies of clinically important HLA alleles and their implications for the cost-effectiveness of preemptive pharmacogenetic testing. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 109(1), 160–174 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 15. Khor AHP, Lim KS, Tan CT et al. HLA-B*15:02 association with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in an Indian population: a pooled-data analysis and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 55(11), e120–e124 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16. Mehta TY, Prajapati LM, Mittal B et al. Association of HLA-B*15:02 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome among Indians. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 75, 579 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 17. Khor AH, Lim KS, Tan CT et al. HLA-B*15:02 association with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in an Indian population: a pooled-data analysis and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 55(11), e120–e124 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18. Ou GJ, Wang J, Ji X et al. A study of HLA-B*15:02 in 9 different Chinese ethnics: implications for carbamazepine related SJS/TEN. HLA 89(4), 225–229 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19. Xi P, Wang H, Zhong Z et al. rs144012689 is a highly specific representative marker of HLA-B*15:02 in the Chinese population. Pharmacogenomics 23(15), 835–845 (2022).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 20. Trachtenberg E, Vinson M, Hayes E et al. HLA class I (A, B, C) and class II (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPB1) alleles and haplotypes in the Han from southern China. Tissue Antigens 70(6), 455–463 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21. Hong W, Fu Y, Chen S et al. Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in northern Han Chinese. Tissue Antigens 66(4), 297–304 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22. Puangpetch A, Koomdee N, Chamnanphol M et al. HLA-B allele and haplotype diversity among Thai patients identified by PCR-SSOP: evidence for high risk of drug-induced hypersensitivity. Front. Genet. 5, 478 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 23. Sung C, Tan L, Limenta M et al. Usage pattern of carbamazepine and associated severe cutaneous adverse reactions in singapore following implementation of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping as standard-of-care. Front Pharmacol. 11, 527 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 24. Chang CC, Too CL, Murad S, Hussein SH. Association of HLA-B*15:02 allele with carbamazepine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome in the multi-ethnic Malaysian population. Int. J. Dermatol. 50(2), 221–224 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 25. Ratnaningrum SD, Bahtera T, Jamal R, Faradz SM. Should we identify HLA-B*15:02 polymorphism before prescribing carbamazepine to Indonesian patients? A study among febrile seizure patients with a high risk of epilepsy. Drug Invention Today 11(3), 531–538 (2019).
  Google Scholar
• 26. Yuliwulandari R, Kashiwase K, Nakajima H et al. Polymorphisms of HLA genes in western Javanese (Indonesia): close affinities to southeast Asian populations. Tissue Antigens 73(1), 46–53 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27. Nguyen AH, Sukasem C, Nguyen QN, Pham HT. The pharmacogenomics of carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reaction in the South of Vietnam. Front. Pharmacol. 14, 1217516 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 28. Van Nguyen D, Chu HC, Van Nguyen D et al. HLA-B*15:02 and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Vietnamese. Asia Pacific Allergy 5(2), 68–77 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 29. Yip VL, Alfirevic A, Pirmohamed M. Genetics of immune-mediated adverse drug reactions: a comprehensive and clinical review. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 48(2–3), 165–175 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30. Kaniwa N, Saito Y, Aihara M et al. HLA-B locus in Japanese patients with anti-epileptics and allopurinol-related Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pharmacogenomics 9(11), 1617–1622 (2008).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 31. Amstutz U, Shear NH, Rieder MJ et al. Recommendations for HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01 genetic testing to reduce the risk of carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Epilepsia 55(4), 496–506 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32. Manson LEN, Delwig SJ, Drabbels JJM et al. Repurposing HLA genotype data of renal transplant patients to prevent severe drug hypersensitivity reactions. Front. Genet. 14, 1289015 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 33. Dean L. Carbamazepine therapy and HLA genotype. In: Medical Genetics Summaries. Pratt VScott SPirmohamed MEsquivel BKattman BMalheiro A (Eds). National Center for Biotechnology Information, MD, USA, 137–154 (2012).
  Google Scholar
• 34. Spina Tensini T, De Paola L, Boldt ABW et al. HLA alleles and antiseizure medication-induced cutaneous reactions in Brazil: a case–control study. HLA 102(3), 269–277 (2023).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 35. Dunckley H. HLA typing by SSO and SSP methods. Methods Mol. Biol. 882, 9–25 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36. Virakul S, Kupatawintu P, Nakkuntod J et al. A nested sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of HLA-B*15:02. Tissue Antigens 79(4), 295–301 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37. Tiwattanon K, John S, Koomdee N et al. Implementation of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping as standard-of-care for reducing carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Thailand. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 867490 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 38. Sukasem C, Sririttha S, Chaichan C et al. Spectrum of cutaneous adverse reactions to aromatic antiepileptic drugs and human leukocyte antigen genotypes in Thai patients and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics J. 21(6), 682–690 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39. Faner R, Casamitjana N, Colobran R et al. HLA-B27 genotyping by fluorescent resonance emission transfer (FRET) probes in real-time PCR. Hum. Immunol. 65(8), 826–838 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 40. Geiger K, Zach C, Leiherer A et al. Real-time PCR based HLA-B*27 screening directly in whole blood. HLA 95(3), 189–195 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41. Nguyen DV, Vidal C, Chi HC et al. A novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of both HLA-A*31:01/HLA-B*15:02 alleles, which confer susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions. HLA 90(6), 335–342 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42. Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhang L et al. Development of a rapid and reliable single-tube multiplex real-time PCR method for HLA-A*24:02 genotyping. Pharmacogenomics 20(11), 803–812 (2019).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 43. Buchner A, Hu X, Aitchison KJ. Validation of single nucleotide variant assays for human leukocyte antigen haplotypes HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01 across diverse ancestral backgrounds. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12, 713178 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 44. Xi P, Wang H, Zhong Z et al. rs144012689 is a highly specific representative marker of HLA-B*15:02 in the Chinese population. Pharmacogenomics 23(15), 835–845 (2022).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 45. Zhan Y, Zhang J, Yao S, Luo G. High-throughput two-dimensional polymerase chain reaction technology. Anal. Chem. 92(1), 674–682 (2019).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 46. Mao H, Luo G, Zhan Y et al. The mechanism and regularity of quenching the effect of bases on fluorophores: the base-quenched probe method. Analyst 143(14), 3292–3301 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 47. Zhu X, Yu Y, Zhang J et al. Accurate identification of HLA-B*15:02 allele by two-dimensional polymerase chain reaction. Clin. Chim. Acta 552, 117654 (2023).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 48. Khor S-S, Omae Y, Tokunaga K. The HLA-B*15:02:01:05 allele identified by two next-generation sequencing methods in a Japanese individual. HLA 100(5), 522–523 (2022).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 49. Tran JN, Sherwood KR, Mostafa A et al. Novel alleles in the era of next-generation sequencing-based HLA typing calls for standardization and policy. Front. Genet. 14, 1282834 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 50. Larson NB, Oberg AL, Adjei AA, Wang L. A clinician's guide to bioinformatics for next-generation sequencing. J. Thorac. Oncol. 18(2), 143–157 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51. Lin G, Zhang K, Li J. A national proficiency scheme for human leucocyte antigen typing by next-generation sequencing. Clin. Chim. Acta 533, 85–88 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52. Kim JY, Lee SY, Kim GG et al. Validation and application of new NGS-based HLA genotyping to clinical diagnostic practice. HLA 101(5), 496–506 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 53. Satam H, Joshi K, Mangrolia U et al. Next-generation sequencing technology: current trends and advancements. Biology 12(7), 997 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 54. Ingrassia F, Pecoraro A, Blando M et al. Identification of a single nucleotide deletion in the novel HLA-DQB1*06:379N allele, detected by polymerase chain reaction-sequence based typing but not by next generation sequencing. HLA 96(6), 709–713 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 55. Nii-Trebi NI, Matsuoka S, Kawana-Tachikawa A et al. Super high-resolution single-molecule sequence-based typing of HLA class I alleles in HIV-1 infected individuals in Ghana. PLOS ONE 17(6), e0269390 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 56. Bravo-Egana V, Sanders H, Chitnis N. New challenges, new opportunities: next generation sequencing and its place in the advancement of HLA typing. Hum. Immunol. 82(7), 478–487 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 57. Adams SD, Barracchini KC, Chen D et al. Ambiguous allele combinations in HLA class I and class II sequence-based typing: when precise nucleotide sequencing leads to imprecise allele identification. J. Transl. Med. 2(1), 30 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 58. An QX, Li CY, Xu LJ et al. High-throughput simultaneous genotyping of human platelet antigen-1 to 16 by using suspension array. Transfusion 53(11), 2722–2728 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59. Wang K, Sun Z, Zhu F et al. Development of a high-resolution mass-spectrometry-based method and software for human leukocyte antigen typing. Front. Immunol. 14, 1188381 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 60. Perucca P, Gilliam FG. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 11(9), 792–802 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 61. Illing PT, Purcell AW, Mccluskey J. The role of HLA genes in pharmacogenomics: unravelling HLA associated adverse drug reactions. Immunogenetics 69(8–9), 617–630 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62. Pal R, Singh K, Khan SA et al. Reactive metabolites of the anticonvulsant drugs and approaches to minimize the adverse drug reaction. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 226, 113890 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63. Roujeau JC. Clinical heterogeneity of drug hypersensitivity. Toxicology 209(2), 123–129 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 64. Roujeau JC. The spectrum of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a clinical classification. J. Invest. Dermatol. 102(6), S28–S30 (1994).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 65. High WA, Roujeau J-C. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. UpToDate Inc., MA, USA (2020). www.uptodate.com
  Google Scholar
• 66. Hung SI, Chung WH, Liu ZS et al. Common risk allele in aromatic antiepileptic-drug induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Han Chinese. Pharmacogenomics 11(3), 349–356 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 67. Shi YW, Min FL, Qin B et al. Association between HLA and Stevens–Johnson syndrome induced by carbamazepine in southern Han Chinese: genetic markers besides B*15:02? Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 111(1), 58–64 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68. Wang Q, Zhou JQ, Zhou LM et al. Association between HLA-B*15:02 allele and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Han people of southern China mainland. Seizure 20(6), 446–448 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 69. Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao LM et al. Strong association between HLA-B*15:02 and carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in mainland Han Chinese patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 67(9), 885–887 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 70. Phung TH, Cong Duong KN, Junio Gloria MA, Nguyen TK. The association between HLA-B*15:02 and phenytoin-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 23(1), 49–59 (2021).
  Google Scholar
• 71. Devi K. The association of HLA-B*15:02 allele and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by aromatic anticonvulsant drugs in a South Indian population. Int. J. Dermatol. 57(1), 70–73 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 72. Aggarwal R, Sharma M, Modi M et al. HLA-B*15:02 is associated with carbamazepine induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome in North Indian population. Hum. Immunol. 75(11), 1120–1122 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73. Chang CC, Ng CC, Too CL et al. Association of HLA-B*15:13 and HLA-B*15:02 with phenytoin-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in a Malay population. Pharmacogenomics J. 17(2), 170–173 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 74. Chang CC, Too CL, Murad S, Hussein SH. Association of HLA-B*15:02 allele with carbamazepine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome in the multi-ethnic Malaysian population. Int. J. Dermatol. 50(2), 221–224 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 75. Yuliwulandari R, Kristin E, Prayuni K et al. Association of the HLA-B alleles with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in the Javanese and Sundanese population of Indonesia: the important role of the HLA-B75 serotype. Pharmacogenomics 18(18), 1643–1648 (2017).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 76. Van Nguyen D, Chu HC, Vidal C et al. Genetic susceptibilities and prediction modeling of carbamazepine and allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Vietnamese. Pharmacogenomics 22(1), 1–12 (2021).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 77. Chong KW, Chan DW, Cheung YB et al. Association of carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous drug reactions and HLA-B*15:02 allele status, and dose and treatment duration in paediatric neurology patients in Singapore. Arch. Dis. Child 99(6), 581–584 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 78. Kim SH, Lee KW, Song WJ et al. Carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions and HLA genotypes in Koreans. Epilepsy Res. 97(1–2), 190–197 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 79. Amstutz U, Shear NH, Rieder MJ et al. Recommendations for HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01 genetic testing to reduce the risk of carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Epilepsia 55(4), 496–506 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80. Niihara H, Kakamu T, Fujita Y et al. HLA-A31 strongly associates with carbamazepine-induced adverse drug reactions but not with carbamazepine-induced lymphocyte proliferation in a Japanese population. J. Dermatol. 39(7), 594–601 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 81. Alfirevic A, Jorgensen AL, Williamson PR et al. HLA-B locus in Caucasian patients with carbamazepine hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenomics 7(6), 813–818 (2006).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 82. Lonjou C, Borot N, Sekula P et al. A European study of HLA-B in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 18(2), 99–107 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 83. Ramirez E, Bellon T, Tong HY et al. Significant HLA class I type associations with aromatic antiepileptic drug (AED)-induced SJS/TEN are different from those found for the same AED-induced DRESS in the Spanish population. Pharmacol. Res. 115, 168–178 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 84. Schunkert EM, Divito SJ. Updates and insights in the diagnosis and management of DRESS syndrome. Curr. Dermatol. Rep. 10(4), 192–204 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 85. Hung SI, Chung WH, Jee SH et al. Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 16(4), 297–306 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 86. Su SC, Chen CB, Chang WC et al. HLA alleles and CYP2C9*3 as predictors of phenytoin hypersensitivity in East Asians. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 105(2), 476–485 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 87. Fricke-Galindo I, Martinez-Juarez IE, Monroy-Jaramillo N et al. HLA-A*02:01:01/-B*35:01:01/-C*04:01:01 haplotype associated with lamotrigine-induced maculopapular exanthema in Mexican Mestizo patients. Pharmacogenomics 15(15), 1881–1891 (2014).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 88. Genin E, Chen D, Hung S et al. HLA-A*31:01 and different types of carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: an international study and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics J. 14(3), 281–288 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89. Sukasem C, Chaichan C, Nakkrut T et al. Association between HLA-B alleles and carbamazepine-induced maculopapular exanthema and severe cutaneous reactions in Thai patients. J. Immunol. Res. 2018, 2780272 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 90. Phung TH, Cong Duong KN, Junio Gloria MA, Nguyen TK. The association between HLA-B*15:02 and phenytoin-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 23(1), 49–59 (2022).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 91. Genin E, Chen DP, Hung SI et al. HLA-A*31:01 and different types of carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: an international study and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics J. 14(3), 281–288 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 92. Kim S-H, Lee KW, Song W-J et al. Carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions and HLA genotypes in Koreans. Epilepsy Res. 97(1–2), 190–197 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 93. Ozeki T, Mushiroda T, Yowang A et al. Genome-wide association study identifies HLA-A*31:01 allele as a genetic risk factor for carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Japanese population. Hum. Mol. Genet 20(5), 1034–1041 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 94. Mccormack M, Alfirevic A, Bourgeois S et al. HLA-A*31:01 and carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(12), 1134–1143 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 95. Amstutz U, Ross CJ, Castro-Pastrana LI et al. HLA-A*31:01 and HLA-B*15:02 as genetic markers for carbamazepine hypersensitivity in children. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 94(1), 142–149 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 96. Peter JG, Lehloenya R, Dlamini S et al. Severe Delayed Cutaneous and Systemic Reactions to Drugs: A Global Perspective on the Science and Art of Current Practice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 5(3), 547–563 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 97. Copaescu A, Gibson A, Li Y et al. An updated review of the diagnostic methods in delayed drug hypersensitivity. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 573573 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 98. Arif H, Buchsbaum R, Weintraub D et al. Comparison and predictors of rash associated with 15 antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 68(20), 1701–1709 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 99. Moon J, Kim TJ, Lim JA et al. HLA-B*40:02 and DRB1*04:03 are risk factors for oxcarbazepine-induced maculopapular eruption. Epilepsia 57(11), 1879–1886 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 100. Manuyakorn W, Mahasirimongkol S, Likkasittipan P et al. Association of HLA genotypes with phenobarbital hypersensitivity in children. Epilepsia 57(10), 1610–1616 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 101. Mortazavi H, Rostami A, Firooz A et al. Association between human leukocyte antigens and cutaneous adverse drug reactions to antiepileptics and antibiotics in the Iranian population. Dermatologic. Therapy 35(5), e15393 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 102. Zhao T, Wang T-T, Jia L et al. The association between HLA-A*03:01 and HLA-B*07:02 alleles and oxcarbazepine-induced maculopapular eruption in the Uighur Chinese population. Seizure 81, 43–46 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 103. Shi YW, Wang J, Min FL et al. HLA risk alleles in aromatic antiepileptic drug-induced maculopapular exanthema. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 671572 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 104. Shirzadi M, Thorstensen K, Helde G et al. Do HLA-A markers predict skin-reactions from aromatic antiepileptic drugs in a Norwegian population? A case control study. Epilepsy Res. 118, 5–9 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 105. Hu FY, Wu XT, An DM et al. Pilot association study of oxcarbazepine-induced mild cutaneous adverse reactions with HLA-B*15:02 allele in Chinese Han population. Seizure 20(2), 160–162 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 106. Shafeng N, Han DF, Ma YF et al. Association between the HLA-B*15:02 gene and mild maculopapular exanthema induced by antiepileptic drugs in Northwest China. BMC Neurol. 21(1), 340 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 107. He N, Min FL, Shi YW et al. Cutaneous reactions induced by oxcarbazepine in Southern Han Chinese: incidence, features, risk factors and relation to HLA-B alleles. Seizure 21(8), 614–618 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 108. Lv YD, Min FL, Liao WP et al. The association between oxcarbazepine-induced maculopapular eruption and HLA-B alleles in a northern Han Chinese population. BMC Neurol. 13, 75 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 109. Tassaneeyakul W, Tiamkao S, Jantararoungtong T et al. Association between HLA-B*15:02 and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a Thai population. Epilepsia 51(5), 926–930 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 110. Li LJ, Hu FY, Wu XT et al. Predictive markers for carbamazepine and lamotrigine-induced maculopapular exanthema in Han Chinese. Epilepsy Res. 106(1–2), 296–300 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 111. Shi YW, Min FL, Zhou D et al. HLA-A*24:02 as a common risk factor for antiepileptic drug-induced cutaneous adverse reactions. Neurology 88(23), 2183–2191 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 112. Liao JM, Zhan Y, Zhang Z et al. HLA-targeted sequencing reveals the pathogenic role of HLA-B*15:02/HLA-B*13:01 in albendazole-induced liver failure: a case report and a review of the literature. Front. Pharmacol. 14, 1288068 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 113. Crux NB, Elahi S. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and immune regulation: how do classical and non-classical HLA alleles modulate immune response to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections? Front. Immunol. 8, 832 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 114. Watkins S, Pichler WJ. Sulfamethoxazole induces a switch mechanism in T cell receptors containing TCRVbeta20-1, altering pHLA recognition. PLOS ONE 8(10), e76211 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 115. Wei CY, Ko TM, Shen CY, Chen YT. A recent update of pharmacogenomics in drug-induced severe skin reactions. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 27(1), 132–141 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 116. Hong-Li M, Ran X, Ge-Xin S et al. Effects of ABCB1, HLA-B*15:02 and EPHX1 genetic polymorphisms on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects [in Chinese]. Chinese J. Clin. Pharmacol. 38(9), 979–983 (2022).
  Google Scholar
• 117. Takahashi R, Kano Y, Yamazaki Y et al. Defective regulatory T cells in patients with severe drug eruptions: timing of the dysfunction is associated with the pathological phenotype and outcome. J. Immunol. 182(12), 8071–8079 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 118. Chung WH, Wang CW, Dao RL. Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. J. Dermatol. 43(7), 758–766 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 119. Kim D, Kobayashi T, Voisin B et al. Targeted therapy guided by single-cell transcriptomic analysis in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: a case report. Nat. Med. 26(2), 236–243 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 120. Yuliwulandari R, Shin JG, Kristin E et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of genotyping for HLA-B*15:02 in Indonesian patients with epilepsy using a generic model. Pharmacogenomics J. 21(4), 476–483 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 121. Chen Z, Liew D, Kwan P. Real-world efficiency of pharmacogenetic screening for carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions. PLOS ONE 9(5), e96990 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 122. Choi H, Mohit B. Cost-effectiveness of screening for HLA-B*15:02 prior to initiation of carbamazepine in epilepsy patients of Asian ancestry in the United States. Epilepsia 60(7), 1472–1481 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 123. Chong HY, Lim KS, Fong SL et al. Integrating real-world data in cost-effectiveness analysis of universal HLA-B*15:02 screening in Malaysia. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 89(11), 3340–3351 (2023).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 124. Phillips EJ, Sukasem C, Whirl-Carrillo M et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for hla genotype and use of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine: 2017 update. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 103(4), 574–581 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 125. Karnes JH, Rettie AE, Somogyi AA et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2C9 and HLA-B genotypes and phenytoin dosing: 2020 update. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 109(2), 302–309 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 126. Chen Z, Liew D, Kwan P. Effects of a HLA-B*15:02 screening policy on antiepileptic drug use and severe skin reactions. Neurology 83(22), 2077–2084 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 127. Tiwattanon K, John S, Koomdee N et al. Implementation of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping as standard-of-care for reducing carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Thailand. Front Pharmacol. 13, 867490 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 128. Tennis P, Stern RS. Risk of serious cutaneous disorders after initiation of use of phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate: a record linkage study. Neurology 49(2), 542–546 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 129. Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(24), 1600–1607 (1995).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 130. Sassolas B, Haddad C, Mockenhaupt M et al. ALDEN, an algorithm for assessment of drug causality in Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: comparison with case-control analysis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 88(1), 60–68 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 131. Corrick F, Anand G. Question 2: Would systemic steroids be useful in the management of Stevens–Johnson syndrome? Arch. Dis. Child 98(10), 828–830 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 132. Liotti L, Caimmi S, Bottau P et al. Clinical features, outcomes and treatment in children with drug induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Acta Biomed. 90(3S), 52–60 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 133. Schwartz RA, Mcdonough PH, Lee BW. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Part II. Prognosis, sequelae, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J. Am. Acad Dermatol. 69(2), 187; e181–116; quiz 203–184 (2013).
  Google Scholar
• 134. Sato S, Kanbe T, Tamaki Z et al. Clinical features of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pediatr. Int. 60(8), 697–702 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 135. Shortt R, Gomez M, Mittman N, Cartotto R. Intravenous immunoglobulin does not improve outcome in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 25(3), 246–255 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 136. Zhang J, Lu CW, Chen CB et al. Evaluation of combination therapy with etanercept and systemic corticosteroids for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a multicenter observational study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 10(5), 1295–1304; e1296 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 137. Shiohara T, Kano Y. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): incidence, pathogenesis and management. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 16(2), 139–147 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 138. Nguyen E, Yanes D, Imadojemu S, Kroshinsky D. Evaluation of cyclosporine for the treatment of DRESS syndrome. JAMA Dermatol. 156(6), 704–706 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 139. Damsky WE, Vesely MD, Lee AI et al. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome with myocardial involvement treated with tofacitinib. JAAD Case Rep. 5(12), 1018–1026 (2019).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar