We use cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to browse this site, you accept our cookie policy.×
Skip main navigation
Aging Health
Bioelectronics in Medicine
Biomarkers in Medicine
Breast Cancer Management
CNS Oncology
Colorectal Cancer
Concussion
Epigenomics
Future Cardiology
Future Medicine AI
Future Microbiology
Future Neurology
Future Oncology
Future Rare Diseases
Future Virology
Hepatic Oncology
HIV Therapy
Immunotherapy
International Journal of Endocrine Oncology
International Journal of Hematologic Oncology
Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine
Lung Cancer Management
Melanoma Management
Nanomedicine
Neurodegenerative Disease Management
Pain Management
Pediatric Health
Personalized Medicine
Pharmacogenomics
Regenerative Medicine

Tools for optimizing pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants

    Jose de Leon

    *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +859 246 8440;

    E-mail Address: jdeleon@uky.edu

    Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA

    Psychiatry & Neurosciences Research Group (CTS-549), Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health Net (CIBERSAM), Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain

    Published Online:https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2021-0090
    Free first page

    References

    • 1. Eap CB, Gründer G, Baumann P et al. Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants. World J. Biol. Psychiatry doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.1878427, 1–68 (2021) (Epub ahead of print).
    • 2. Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW et al. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry 51(1–2), 9–62 (2018).
    • 3. Bousman CA, Bengesser SA, Aitchison KJ et al. Review and consensus on pharmacogenomic testing in psychiatry. Pharmacopsychiatry 54(1), 5–17 (2021).
    • 4. De Crescenzo F, Ciliberto M, Menghini D et al. Is 18F-FDG-PET suitable to predict clinical response to the treatment of geriatric depression? A systematic review of PET studies. Aging Ment. Health 21(9), 889–894 (2017).
    • 5. de Leon J. The future (or lack of future) of personalized prescription in psychiatry. Pharmacol. Res. 59(2), 81–89 (2009).
    • 6. de Leon J. Evidence-based medicine versus personalized medicine: are they enemies? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 32(2), 153–164 (2012).
    • 7. de Leon J. Pharmacogenomics: the promise of personalized medicine for CNS disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 34(1), 159–172 (2009).
    • 8. de Leon J. Focusing on drug versus disease mechanisms and on clinical subgrouping to advance personalised medicine in psychiatry. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 26(6), 327–333 (2014).
    • 9. Meyer UA. Pharmacogenetics – five decades of therapeutic lessons from genetic diversity. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5(9), 669–676 (2004).
    • 10. de Leon J. Phenoconversion and therapeutic drug monitoring. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 80(4), 777–778 (2015).
    • 11. de Leon J. Why do you keep telling me that drug–drug interactions are important in psychopharmacology when I do not see them in my clinical practice?: my failure to convince clinicians. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 39(1), 1–4 (2019).
    • 12. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 69(3), 89–95 (2001).
    • 13. Wagner JA. Overview of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in drug development. Dis. Markers 18, 41–46 (2002).
    • 14. Alawieh A, Zaraket FA, Li JL, Mondello S et al. Systems biology, bioinformatics, and biomarkers in neuropsychiatry. Front. Neurosci. 6, 187 (2012).
    • 15. Veselinović T, Scharpenberg M, Heinze M et al. Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy estimated from plasma concentrations of four different antipsychotics and the subjective experience of physical and mental well-being in schizophrenia: results from the randomized NeSSy trial. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 39(6), 550–560 (2019).
    • 16. McCutcheon R, Beck K, Jauhar S et al. Defining the locus of opaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and test of the mesolimbic hypothesis. Schizophr. Bull. 44(6), 1301–1311 (2018).
    • 17. Spina E, de Leon J. Clinically relevant interactions between newer antidepressants and second-generation antipsychotics. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 10(5), 721–746 (2014).
    • 18. de Leon J. A critical commentary on the 2017 AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology. Pharmacopsychiatry 51(1-02), 63–68 (2018).
    • 19. Schoretsanitis G, Paulzen M, Unterecker S et al. TDM in psychiatry and neurology: a comprehensive summary of the consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology, update 2017; a tool for clinicians. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 19(3), 162–174 (2018).
    • 20. Schoretsanitis G, Kane JM, Correll CU et al. Blood levels to optimize antipsychotic treatment in clinical practice: a joint consensus statement of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology and the therapeutic drug monitoring task force of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie. J. Clin. Psychiatry 81(3), 19cs13169 (2020).