Perspective

Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China

*Author for correspondence:

E-mail Address: jjhwwyqsw@163.com

Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, PR China

Search for more papers by this author

Fangyuan Li

**Author for correspondence:

E-mail Address: lfy@zju.edu.cn

Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China

World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, PR China

Search for more papers by this author

Daishun Ling

^***Author for correspondence:

E-mail Address: dsling@sjtu.edu.cn

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9977-0237

Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China

World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, PR China

Search for more papers by this author

Published Online:13 Oct 2023https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2023-0118

View article

Abstract

Phototherapeutics is gaining momentum as a mainstream treatment for cancer, with gold–semiconductor nanocomposites showing promise as potent phototherapeutic agents due to their structural tunability, biocompatibility and functional diversity. Such nanohybrids possess plasmonic characteristics in the presence of gold and the catalytic nature of semiconductor units, as well as the unexpected physicochemical properties arising from the contact interface. This perspective provides an overview of the latest research on gold–semiconductor nanocomposites for photodynamic, photothermal and photocatalytic therapy. The relationship between the spatial configuration of these nanohybrids and their practical performance was explored to deliver comprehensive insights and guidance for the design and fabrication of novel composite nanoplatforms to enhance the efficiency of phototherapeutics, promoting the development of nanotechnology-based advanced biomedical applications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords:

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest

References

1. Dolmans DEJGJ, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3(5), 380–387 (2003).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
2. Vasan N, Baselga J, Hyman DM. A view on drug resistance in cancer. Nature 575(7782), 299–309 (2019).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
3. Lee HP, Gaharwar AK. Light-responsive inorganic biomaterials for biomedical applications. Adv. Sci. 7(17), (2020).
Google Scholar
4. Xu C, Pu K. Second near-infrared photothermal materials for combinational nanotheranostics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50(2), 1111–1137 (2021).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
5. Liu Y, Bhattarai P, Dai Z, Chen X. Photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging via nanotheranostics in fighting cancer. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48(7), 2053–2108 (2019).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
6. Richter K, Haslbeck M, Buchner J. The heat shock response: life on the verge of death. Mol. Cell 40(2), 253–266 (2010).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
7. Knavel EM, Brace CL. Tumor ablation: common modalities and general practices. Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 16(4), 192–200 (2013).
MedlineGoogle Scholar
8. Celli JP, Spring BQ, Rizvi I et al. Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization. Chem. Rev. 110(5), 2795–2838 (2010).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
9. Chen H, Ma A, Yin T et al. In situ photocatalysis of TiO–porphyrin-encapsulated nanosystem for highly efficient oxidative damage against hypoxic tumors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(11), 12573–12583 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
10. Zhao J, Wu W, Sun J, Guo S. Triplet photosensitizers: from molecular design to applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(12), 5323–5351 (2013).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
11. Cong C, Rao C, Ma Z et al. ‘Nano-lymphatic’ photocatalytic water-splitting for relieving tumor interstitial fluid pressure and achieving hydrodynamic therapy. Mater. Horizons 7(12), 3266–3274 (2020).
CASGoogle Scholar
12. Qian C, Yu J, Chen Y et al. Light-activated hypoxia-responsive nanocarriers for enhanced anticancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 28(17), 3313–3320 (2016).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
13. Huang C, Liang C, Sadhukhan T et al. In vitro and in vivo photocatalytic cancer therapy with biocompatible iridium(III) photocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(17), 9474–9479 (2021).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
14. Duo Y, Luo G, Li Z et al. Photothermal and enhanced photocatalytic therapies conduce to synergistic anticancer phototherapy with biodegradable titanium diselenide nanosheets. Small 17(40), (2021).
MedlineGoogle Scholar
15. Kumar A, Kim S, Nam J-M. Plasmonically engineered nanoprobes for biomedical applications. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138(44), 14509–14525 (2016).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
16. Song J, Huang P, Duan H, Chen X. Plasmonic vesicles of amphiphilic nanocrystals: optically active multifunctional platform for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Acc. Chem. Res. 48(9), 2506–2515 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
17. Lane LA, Qian X, Nie S. SERS nanoparticles in medicine: from label-free detection to spectroscopic tagging. Chem. Rev. 115(19), 10489–10529 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
18. Park J-E, Kim M, Hwang J-H, Nam J-M. Golden opportunities: plasmonic gold nanostructures for biomedical applications based on the second near-infrared window. Small Methods 1(3), (2017).
Google Scholar
19. Gu Z, Zhu S, Yan L et al. Graphene-based smart platforms for combined cancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 31(9), (2019).
Google Scholar
20. Wang H, Zhang L, Chen Z et al. Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(15), 5234–5244 (2014).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
21. Low J, Yu J, Jaroniec M et al. Heterojunction photocatalysts. Adv. Mater. 29(20), (2017).
Google Scholar
22. Shaviv E, Schubert O, Alves-Santos M et al. Absorption properties of metal–semiconductor hybrid nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5(6), 4712–4719 (2011).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
23. Zhang Z, Yates JT Jr. Band bending in semiconductors: chemical and physical consequences at surfaces and interfaces. Chem. Rev. 112(10), 5520–5551 (2012).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
24. Mokari T, Sztrum CG, Salant A et al. Formation of asymmetric one-sided metal-tipped semiconductor nanocrystal dots and rods. Nat. Mater. 4(11), 855–863 (2005).
CASGoogle Scholar
25. Khon E, Mereshchenko A, Tarnovsky AN et al. Suppression of the plasmon resonance in Au/CdS colloidal nanocomposites. Nano Lett. 11(4), 1792–1799 (2011).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
26. Ju Y, Dong B, Yu J, Hou Y. Inherent multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials for imaging-guided cancer therapy. Nano Today 26, 108–122 (2019).
CASGoogle Scholar
27. Zhang Q, Lai W, Yin T et al. Investigation of the viability of cells upon co-exposure to gold and iron oxide nanoparticles. Bioconjug. Chem. 29(6), 2120–2125 (2018).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
28. Lv B, Zhang H, Zheng X et al. Structure-oriented catalytic radiosensitization for cancer radiotherapy. Nano Today 35, doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100988 (2020).
Google Scholar
29. Hu J, Zhou S, Sun Y et al. Fabrication, properties and applications of Janus particles. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(11), 4356–4378 (2012).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
30. Zeng H, Sun S. Syntheses, properties, and potential applications of multicomponent magnetic nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(3), 391–400 (2008).
CASGoogle Scholar
31. Sun S, Zeng H. Size-controlled synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(28), 8204–8205 (2002).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
32. Wang X, Zhang C, Du J et al. Enhanced generation of non-oxygen dependent free radicals by Schottky-type heterostructures of Au–Bi₂S₃ nanoparticles via x-ray-induced catalytic reaction for radiosensitization. ACS Nano 13(5), 5947–5958 (2019). • Schottky-type heterostructure Au–Bi2S3 leads to efficient separation of electron-hole pairs, which decomposes intracellular H2O2 into highly toxic ·OH, realizing selective radiosensitization in tumor.
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
33. Deepagan VG, You DG, Um W et al. Long-circulating Au-TiO₂ nanocomposite as a sonosensitizer for ROS-mediated eradication of cancer. Nano Lett. 16(10), 6257–6264 (2016).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
34. He W, Kim H-K, Wamer WG et al. Photogenerated charge carriers and reactive oxygen species in ZnO/Au hybrid nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(2), 750–757 (2014).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
35. Shan B, Wang H, Li L et al. Rationally designed dual-plasmonic gold nanorod@cuprous selenide hybrid heterostructures by regioselective overgrowth for in vivo photothermal tumor ablation in the second near-infrared biowindow. Theranostics 10(25), 11656–11672 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
36. Ji M, Xu M, Zhang W et al. Structurally well-defined Au@Cu_2-xS core–shell nanocrystals for improved cancer treatment based on enhanced photothermal efficiency. Adv. Mater. 28(16), 3094–3101 (2016).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
37. Xia Y, Nguyen TD, Yang M et al. Self-assembly of self-limiting monodisperse supraparticles from polydisperse nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(9), 580–587 (2011).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
38. Wang C, Yin H, Dai S, Sun S. A general approach to noble metal-metal oxide dumbbell nanoparticles and their catalytic application for CO oxidation. Chem. Mater. 22(10), 3277–3282 (2010).
CASGoogle Scholar
39. Yin Y, Alivisatos AP. Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic–inorganic interface. Nature 437(7059), 664–670 (2005).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
40. Xu W, Jia J, Wang T et al. Continuous tuning of Au–Cu₂O Janus nanostructures for efficient charge separation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59(49), 22246–22251 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
41. Wang Y, He J, Yu S, Chen H. Effect of thiolated ligands in Au nanowire synthesis. Small 13(40), (2017).
Google Scholar
42. Wang F, Cheng S, Bao Z, Wang J. Anisotropic overgrowth of metal heterostructures induced by a site-selective silica coating. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52(39), 10344–10348 (2013).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
43. Li S, Huo H, Gao X et al. Engineering Janus gold nanorod—titania heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. Nano Res. 16(2), 2049–2058 (2023).
Google Scholar
44. Zhang Q, Zhang L, Li S et al. Designed synthesis of Au/Fe₃O₄@C janus nanoparticles for dual-modal imaging and actively targeted chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy of cancer cells. Chem. Eur. J. 23(68), 17242–17248 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
45. Chen X, Li G, Han Q et al. Rational design of branched Au–Fe₃O₄ Janus nanoparticles for simultaneous trimodal imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. Chem. Eur. J. 23(68), 17204–17208 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
46. Skrabalak SE, Chen J, Sun Y et al. Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 41(12), 1587–1595 (2008).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
47. Liang R, Liu L, He H et al. Oxygen-boosted immunogenic photodynamic therapy with gold nanocages@manganese dioxide to inhibit tumor growth and metastases. Biomaterials 177, 149–160 (2018).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
48. Liu J, Zhang J. Nanointerface chemistry: lattice-mismatch-directed synthesis and application of hybrid nanocrystals. Chem. Rev. 120(4), 2123–2170 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
49. Zhang J, Tang Y, Lee K, Ouyang M. Nonepitaxial growth of hybrid core–shell nanostructures with large lattice mismatches. Science 327(5973), 1634–1638 (2010).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
50. Wan X, Gao Y, Eshete M et al. Simultaneous harnessing of hot electrons and hot holes achieved via n-metal-p Janus plasmonic heteronanocrystals. Nano Energy 98, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107217 (2022).
Google Scholar
51. Li X, Ji M, Li H et al. Cation/anion exchange reactions toward the syntheses of upgraded nanostructures: principles and applications. Matter 2(3), 554–586 (2020).
CASGoogle Scholar
52. Cao Y, Li S, Chen C et al. Rattle-type Au@Cu_2-xS hollow mesoporous nanocrystals with enhanced photothermal efficiency for intracellular oncogenic microRNA detection and chemo-photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 158, 23–33 (2018).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
53. Muhammed MAH, Döblinger M, Rodríguez-Fernández J. Switching plasmons: gold nanorod–copper chalcogenide core–shell nanoparticle clusters with selectable metal/semiconductor NIR plasmon resonances. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(36), 11666–11677 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
54. Lesnyak V, Brescia R, Messina GC, Manna L. Cu vacancies boost cation exchange reactions in copper selenide nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(29), 9315–9323 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
55. Meir N, Martín-García B, Moreels I, Oron D. Revisiting the anion framework conservation in cation exchange processes. Chem. Mater. 28(21), 7872–7877 (2016).
CASGoogle Scholar
56. Zhu H, Wang Y, Chen C et al. Monodisperse dual plasmonic Au@Cu_2–xE (E=S, Se) core@shell supraparticles: aqueous fabrication, multimodal imaging, and tumor therapy at in vivo level. ACS Nano 11(8), 8273–8281 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
57. Wang H, Chen L, Feng Y, Chen H. Exploiting core–shell synergy for nanosynthesis and mechanistic investigation. Acc. Chem. Res. 46(7), 1636–1646 (2013).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
58. Seyedheydari F, Conley KM, Thakore V et al. Electromagnetic response of nanoparticles with a metallic core and a semiconductor shell. J. Phys. Commun. 5(1), 015002 (2021).
CASGoogle Scholar
59. Moon H, Kumar D, Kim H et al. Amplified photoacoustic performance and enhanced photothermal stability of reduced graphene oxide coated gold nanorods for sensitive photoacoustic imaging. ACS Nano 9(3), 2711–2719 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
60. Guo H, Yi S, Feng K et al. In situ formation of metal organic framework onto gold nanorods/mesoporous silica with functional integration for targeted theranostics. Chem. Eng. J. 403, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126432 (2021).
Google Scholar
61. Lv Q, Gao M-Y, Cheng Z-H et al. Rational synthesis of hollow cubic CuS@Spiky Au core–shell nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal and SERS effects. Chem. Commun. 54(95), 13399–13402 (2018).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
62. Deng X, Liang S, Cai X et al. Yolk–shell structured Au nanostar@metal–organic framework for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy in the second near-infrared window. Nano Lett. 19(10), 6772–6780 (2019).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
63. Chang Y, Cheng Y, Feng Y et al. Resonance energy transfer-promoted photothermal and photodynamic performance of gold–copper sulfide yolk–shell nanoparticles for chemophototherapy of cancer. Nano Lett. 18(2), 886–897 (2018). • Demonstrates the superior performance of the unique porous yolk–shell structure in chemotherapy, photothermal and photodynamic combination therapy of cancer under different irradiations.
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
64. Lin L-S, Yang X, Zhou Z et al. Yolk–shell nanostructure: an ideal architecture to achieve harmonious integration of magnetic–plasmonic hybrid theranostic platform. Adv. Mater. 29(21), (2017). • Yolk–shell structured Fe3O4@Au is designed to promote the proximity of protons to the magnetic core exploiting an integrated magnetic-plasmonic hybrid theranostic platform.
Google Scholar
65. Ding X, Liow CH, Zhang M et al. Surface plasmon resonance enhanced light absorption and photothermal therapy in the second near-infrared window. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(44), 15684–15693 (2014).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
66. Schick I, Lorenz S, Gehrig D et al. Multifunctional two-photon active silica-coated Au@MnO Janus particles for selective dual functionalization and imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(6), 2473–2483 (2014).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
67. Ju Y, Zhang H, Yu J et al. Monodisperse Au–Fe₂C Janus nanoparticles: an attractive multifunctional material for triple-modal imaging-guided tumor photothermal therapy. ACS Nano 11(9), 9239–9248 (2017). • Au-Fe2C Janus structure demonstrated as a multifunctional platform with triple-modal imaging-guided photothermal therapy effect for precise diagnosis and efficient tumor treatment.
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
68. Feng Y, Wang Y, Song X et al. Depletion sphere: explaining the number of Ag islands on Au nanoparticles. Chem. Sci. 8(1), 430–436 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
69. Liu Y, Yang Z, Huang X et al. Glutathione-responsive self-assembled magnetic gold nanowreath for enhanced tumor imaging and imaging-guided photothermal therapy. ACS Nano 12(8), 8129–8137 (2018). • The self-assembled exceedingly small magnetic iron oxide NPs on the surfaces of gold nanowreaths can be responsive to glutathione for releasing, turning on intensive T1 imaging capabilities.
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
70. Du Y, Yang C, Li F et al. Core–shell–satellite nanomaces as remotely controlled self-fueling Fenton reagents for imaging-guided triple-negative breast cancer-specific therapy. Small 16(31), e2002537 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
71. Deng X, Li K, Cai X et al. A hollow-structured CuS@Cu₂S@Au nanohybrid: synergistically enhanced photothermal efficiency and photoswitchable targeting effect for cancer theranostics. Adv. Mater. 29(36), (2017). • Prepared a hollow CuS@Cu2S@Au core–satellite structure as multifunctional photothermal conversion agent and drug carrier.
Google Scholar
72. Hu M, Chen J, Li Z-Y et al. Gold nanostructures: engineering their plasmonic properties for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35(11), 1084–1094 (2006).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
73. Giannini V, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Heck SC, Maier SA. Plasmonic nanoantennas: fundamentals and their use in controlling the radiative properties of nanoemitters. Chem. Rev. 111(6), 3888–3912 (2011).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
74. Meng X, Liu L, Ouyang S et al. Nanometals for solar-to-chemical energy conversion: from semiconductor-based photocatalysis to plasmon-mediated photocatalysis and photo-thermocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 28(32), 6781–6803 (2016).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
75. Clavero C. Plasmon-induced hot-electron generation at nanoparticle/metal-oxide interfaces for photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Nat. Photonics 8(2), 95–103 (2014).
CASGoogle Scholar
76. Brongersma ML, Halas NJ, Nordlander P. Plasmon-induced hot carrier science and technology. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10(1), 25–34 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
77. Xia Y, Li W, Cobley CM et al. Gold nanocages: from synthesis to theranostic applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 44(10), 914–924 (2011).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
78. Kinnear C, Moore TL, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L et al. Form follows function: nanoparticle shape and its implications for nanomedicine. Chem. Rev. 117(17), 11476–11521 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
79. Coughlan C, Ibáñez M, Dobrozhan O et al. Compound copper chalcogenide nanocrystals. Chem. Rev. 117(9), 5865–6109 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
80. Sharp CG, Leach ADP, Macdonald JE. Tolman's electronic parameter of the ligand predicts phase in the cation exchange to CuFeS₂ nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 20(12), 8556–8562 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
81. Zhao Y, Pan H, Lou Y et al. Plasmonic Cu2-xs nanocrystals: optical and structural properties of copper-deficient copper(I) sulfides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(12), 4253–4261 (2009).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
82. Agrawal A, Cho SH, Zandi O et al. Localized surface plasmon resonance in semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem. Rev. 118(6), 3121–3207 (2018).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
83. Cho K-H, Alcorn FM, Heo J, Jain PK. Plasmon resonances and structures of chalcogenide alloy nanocrystals. Chem. Mater. 34(11), 4992–4999 (2022).
CASGoogle Scholar
84. Luther JM, Jain PK, Ewers T, Alivisatos AP. Localized surface plasmon resonances arising from free carriers in doped quantum dots. Nat. Mater. 10(5), 361–366 (2011).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
85. Zhang X, Chen YL, Liu R-S, Tsai DP. Plasmonic photocatalysis. Rep. Prog. Phys. 76(4), (2013).
Google Scholar
86. Li X, Lovell JF, Yoon J, Chen X. Clinical development and potential of photothermal and photodynamic therapies for cancer. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 17(11), 657–674 (2020).
MedlineGoogle Scholar
87. Kim M, Lee J-H, Nam J-M. Plasmonic photothermal nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Adv. Sci. 6(17), (2019).
Google Scholar
88. Gai S, Yang G, Yang P et al. Recent advances in functional nanomaterials for light-triggered cancer therapy. Nano Today 19, 146–187 (2018).
CASGoogle Scholar
89. Zhu L, Gao M, Peh CKN, Ho GW. Solar-driven photothermal nanostructured materials designs and prerequisites for evaporation and catalysis applications. Mater. Horizons 5(3), 323–343 (2018).
CASGoogle Scholar
90. Song J, Yang X, Jacobson O et al. Sequential drug release and enhanced photothermal and photoacoustic effect of hybrid reduced graphene oxide-loaded ultrasmall gold nanorod vesicles for cancer therapy. ACS Nano 9(9), 9199–9209 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
91. Huang J, Guo M, Ke H et al. Rational design and synthesis of γFe₂O₃@Au magnetic gold nanoflowers for efficient cancer theranostics. Adv. Mater. 27(34), 5049–5056 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
92. Feng L, He F, Dai Y et al. A versatile near infrared light triggered dual-photosensitizer for synchronous bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(15), 12993–13008 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
93. Yang C, Chang M, Yuan M et al. NIR-triggered multi-mode antitumor therapy based on Bi₂Se₃/Au heterostructure with enhanced efficacy. Small 17(28), e2100961 (2021).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
94. Fan W, Yung B, Huang P, Chen X. Nanotechnology for multimodal synergistic cancer therapy. Chem. Rev. 117(22), 13566–13638 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
95. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one – photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 1(4), 279–293 (2004).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
96. Zhang C, Zhao K, Bu W et al. Marriage of scintillator and semiconductor for synchronous radiotherapy and deep photodynamic therapy with diminished oxygen dependence. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54(6), 1770–1774 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
97. Yang Z, Wang J, Ai S et al. Self-generating oxygen enhanced mitochondrion-targeted photodynamic therapy for tumor treatment with hypoxia scavenging. Theranostics 9(23), 6809–6823 (2019).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
98. Lan M, Zhao S, Liu W et al. Photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 8(13), e1900132 (2019).
MedlineGoogle Scholar
99. Lucky SS, Soo KC, Zhang Y. Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy. Chem. Rev. 115(4), 1990–2042 (2015).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
100. Hu X, Wang N, Guo X et al. A sub-nanostructural transformable nanozyme for tumor photocatalytic therapy. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 101 (2022). • The atomic-level design and fabrication provide a platform to accurately modulate the catalytic activities of nanozymes via a light-mediated sub-nanostructural transformation.
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
101. Wang N, Li P, Zhao J et al. An anisotropic photocatalytic agent elicits robust photoimmunotherapy through plasmonic catalysis-mediated tumor microenvironment modulation. Nano Today 50, doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101827 (2023). • Presents a promising plasmonic catalysis-mediated tumor microenviroment modulation strategy in phototherapy-based immuno-oncology.
MedlineGoogle Scholar
102. Zhang Y, Lv F, Cheng Y et al. Pd@Au bimetallic nanoplates decorated mesoporous MnO₂ for synergistic nucleus-targeted NIR-II photothermal and hypoxia-relieved photodynamic therapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 9(2), e1901528 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
103. Li J, Luo Y, Pu K. Electromagnetic nanomedicines for combinational cancer immunotherapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(23), 12682–12705 (2021).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
104. Gan S, Tong X, Zhang Y et al. Covalent organic framework-supported molecularly dispersed near-infrared dyes boost immunogenic phototherapy against tumors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(46), (2019).
Google Scholar
105. Yang J, Hou M, Sun W et al. Sequential PDT and PTT using dual-modal single-walled carbon nanohorns synergistically promote systemic immune responses against tumor metastasis and relapse. Adv. Sci. 7(16), (2020).
Google Scholar
106. Guo R, Wang S, Zhao L et al. Engineered nanomaterials for synergistic photo-immunotherapy. Biomaterials 282, doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121425 (2022).
Google Scholar
107. Han L, Xia J-M, Hai X et al. Protein-stabilized gadolinium oxide-gold nanoclusters hybrid for multimodal imaging and drug delivery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(8), 6941–6949 (2017).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
108. Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S et al. Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(6), 2323–2343 (2012).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
109. Dykman L, Khlebtsov N. Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: recent advances and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(6), 2256–2282 (2012).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
110. Woźniak A, Malankowska A, Nowaczyk G et al. Size and shape-dependent cytotoxicity profile of gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 28(6), 92 (2017).
MedlineGoogle Scholar
111. Ding X, Li D, Jiang J. Gold-based inorganic nanohybrids for nanomedicine applications. Theranostics 10(18), 8061–8079 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
112. Zhang H, Ji Z, Xia T et al. Use of metal oxide nanoparticle band gap to develop a predictive paradigm for oxidative stress and acute pulmonary inflammation. ACS Nano 6(5), 4349–4368 (2012).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
113. Cheng Y, Zhang H, Qu X. Electronic band-engineered nanomaterials for biosafety and biomedical application. Acc. Mater. Res. 2(9), 764–779 (2021).
CASGoogle Scholar
114. Feng Y, Chang Y, Xu K et al. Safety-by-design of metal oxide nanoparticles based on the regulation of their energy edges. Small 16(21), e1907643 (2020).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
115. Shan B, Liu H, Li L et al. Near-infrared II plasmonic phototheranostics with glutathione depletion for multimodal imaging-guided hypoxia-tolerant chemodynamic-photocatalytic-photothermal cancer therapy triggered by a single laser. Small 18(4), e2105638 (2022).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
116. Shan B, Lu Y, Zheng C, Li M. Structural symmetry effects in plasmonic metal-semiconductor hybrid heterostructures for multimodal cancer phototheranostics. Chem. Eng. J. 444, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.136707 (2022).
MedlineGoogle Scholar
117. He J, Hua S, Zhang D et al. SERS/NIR-II optical nanoprobes for multidimensional tumor imaging from living subjects, pathology, and single cells and guided NIR-II photothermal therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(46), (2022).
Google Scholar
118. Wang D, Wang H, Ji L et al. Hybrid plasmonic nanodumbbells engineering for multi-intensified second near-infrared light induced photodynamic therapy. ACS Nano 15(5), 8694–8705 (2021).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
119. Chang Y, Cheng Y, Zheng R et al. Plasmon-pyroelectric nanostructures used to produce a temperature-mediated reactive oxygen species for hypoxic tumor therapy. Nano Today 38, doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101110 (2021).
Google Scholar
120. Sun Z, Wang T, Wang J et al. Self-propelled Janus nanocatalytic robots guided by magnetic resonance imaging for enhanced tumor penetration and therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(20), 11019–11032 (2023).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
121. Pan Y, Zhu Y, Xu C et al. Biomimetic yolk–shell nanocatalysts for activatable dual-modal-image-guided triple-augmented chemodynamic therapy of cancer. ACS Nano 16(11), 19038–19052 (2022).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar
122. Zhang H, Hao C, Qu A et al. Heterostructures of MOFs and nanorods for multimodal imaging. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(48), (2018).
Google Scholar
123. Li S, Zhang L, Chen X et al. Selective growth synthesis of ternary Janus nanoparticles for imaging-guided synergistic chemo- and photothermal therapy in the second NIR window. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(28), 24137–24148 (2018).
Medline CASGoogle Scholar

Vol. 18, No. 22

Metrics

Downloaded 77 times

History

Received 21 April 2023

Accepted 8 August 2023

Published online 13 October 2023

Published in print September 2023

Information

Keywords

Author contributions

R Xiao reviewed literature, wrote the text and created figures. J Zeng, F Li and D Ling supervised and revised the manuscript.

Financial disclosure

The authors acknowledge financial support by National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071374), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB3203801, 2022YFB3203804, 2022YFB3203800), the Leading Talent of ‘Ten Thousand Plan’ – National High-Level Talents Special Support Plan, Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Development (22TS1400700), Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader under the Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan (21XD1422100), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR22C100001), One Belt and One Road International Cooperation Project from Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (2019C04024), Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai (SHSMU-ZDCX20210900), and CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team (JCTD-2020-08). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Competing interests disclosure

The authors have no competing interests or relevant affiliations with any organization or entity with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options and expert testimony.

Writing disclosure

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

PDF download

Gold–semiconductor nanohybrids as advanced phototherapeutics

Abstract

Graphical abstract

References