Nano drug-delivery systems for management of AIDS: liposomes, dendrimers, gold and silver nanoparticles

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

• 1. Oti VB. Nanoparticles and its implications in HIV/AIDS therapy. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 17(4), 448–456 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2. Rodrigo MAM, Heger Z, Cernei N et al. HIV biosensors–the potential of the electrochemical way. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 9(7), 3449–3457 (2014).
  Google Scholar
• 3. Milowska K, Rodacka A, Melikishvili S et al. Dendrimeric HIV-peptide delivery nanosystem affects lipid membranes structure. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 16810 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 4. German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), Subgroup Assessment of Pathogens Transmissible by Blood. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Transfus. Med. Hemother. 43(3), 203–222 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5. Behrouz R, Topel CH, Seifi A et al. Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurovirol. 22(5), 634–640 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 6. Latest HIV Estimates and Updates on HIV Policies Uptake, July 2020 Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes. In: Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (2020). https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/hiv-hq/presentation-international-aids-conference-2020_d5a25ad7-6dab-4600-81d8-e52d3ae66b83.pdf?sfvrsn=cbd9bbc_4
  Google Scholar
• 7. Li G, De Clercq E. HIV genome-wide protein associations: a review of 30 years of research. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 80(3), 679–731 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8. Seitz R. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Transfus. Med. Hemother. 43(3), 203–222 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9. Louboutin J-P, Strayer DS. Gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder. In: HIV/AIDS Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants. Preedy VRWatson RR (Eds). Academic Press, MA, USA, 107–123 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 10. Smith RL, de Boer R, Brul S, Budovskaya Y, van der Spek H. Premature and accelerated aging: HIV or HAART? Front. Genet. 3, 328 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 11. Das MK, Sarma A, Chakraborty T. Nano-ART and NeuroAIDS. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 6(5), 452–472 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12. Torchilin VP. Multifunctional nanocarriers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58(14), 1532–1555 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13. Oti VB. Nanoparticles and its implications in HIV/AIDS therapy. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 17(4), 448–456 (2019).
  Google Scholar
• 14. Mostafavi E, Soltantabar P, Webster TJ. Nanotechnology and picotechnology: a new arena for translational medicine. In: Biomaterials in Translational Medicine. Yang LBhaduri SBWebster TJ (Eds). Academic Press, MA, USA, 191–212 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 15. Farzin L, Shamsipur M, Samandari L, Sheibani S. Advances in the design of nanomaterial-based electrochemical affinity and enzymatic biosensors for metabolic biomarkers: a review. Microchimica Acta 185(5), 276 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 16. Saravanan M, Asmalash T, Gebrekidan A et al. Nano-medicine as a newly emerging approach to combat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pharm. Nanotechnol. 06, 17–27 (2018).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 17. Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Alencar LMR et al. Graphene and its derivatives: understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications. J. Nanostructure Chem. 12(5), 693–727 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18. de Castro KC, Costa JM, Campos MGN. Drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles: a review. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 71, 1–13 (2020).
  Google Scholar
• 19. Bhattacharjee S. Polymeric nanoparticles. In: Principles of Nanomedicine. Bhattacharjee S (Ed.). Jenny Stanford Publishing, NY, USA, 195–240 (2019).
  Google Scholar
• 20. Sadaquat H, Akhtar M, Nazir M, Ahmad R, Alvi Z, Akhtar N. Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced solubility and safe oral delivery of docetaxel: in vivo toxicity evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 598, 120363 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21. Lin K, Kasko AM. Carbohydrate-based polymers for immune modulation. ACS Macro. Lett. 3, 652–657 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22. Eshaghi B, Alsharif N, An X et al. Stiffness of HIV-1 mimicking polymer nanoparticles modulates ganglioside-mediated cellular uptake and trafficking. Adv. Sci. 7(18), 2000649 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 23. Eshaghi B, Fofana J, Nodder SB, Gummuluru S, Reinhard BM. Virus-mimicking polymer nanoparticles targeting CD169+ macrophages as long-acting nanocarriers for combination antiretrovirals. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(2), 2488–2500 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 24. Golshan M, Rostami-Tapeh-Esmail E, Salami-Kalajahi M, Roghani-Mamaqani H. A review on synthesis, photophysical properties, and applications of dendrimers with perylene core. Eur. Polym. J. 137, 109933 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 25. Akbarzadeh A, Khalilov R, Mostafavi E et al. Role of dendrimers in advanced drug delivery and biomedical applications: a review. Exp. Oncol. 40(3), 178–183 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26. Chowdhury S, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Dendrimers in vaccine delivery: recent progress and advances. Biomaterials 280, 121303 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27. Relaño-Rodríguez I, Juárez-Sánchez R, Pavicic C, Muñoz E, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as a new adjuvant in combination with latency reversal agents for HIV treatment. J. Nanobiotechnol. 17(1), 1–8 (2013).
  Google Scholar
• 28. Kharwade R, More S, Suresh E, Warokar A, Mahajan N, Mahajan U. Improvement in bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of efavirenz with booster dose of ritonavir in PEGylated PAMAM G4 dendrimers. AAPS PharmSciTech 23(6), 177 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 29. Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Natalia C, García F, de Los Angeles Munoz-Fernandez M. G2-S16 sulfonate dendrimer as new therapy for treatment failure in HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Nanomedicine (Lond). 14(9), 1095–1107 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0364
  Google Scholar
• 30. Esfand R, Tomalia DA. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers: from biomimicry to drug delivery and biomedical applications. Drug Discov. Today 6(8), 427–436 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31. Alibolandi M, Hoseini F, Mohammadi M et al. Curcumin-entrapped MUC-1 aptamer targeted dendrimer-gold hybrid nanostructure as a theranostic system for colon adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Pharm. 549(1), 67–75 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32. Martins I, Tomás H, Lahoz F, Rodrigues J. Engineered fluorescent carbon dots and G4-G6 PAMAM dendrimer nanohybrids for bioimaging and gene delivery. Biomacromolecules 22(6), 2436–2450 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 33. Akilesh MS, Wadhwani A. Novel applications of nanotechnology in controlling HIV and HSV infections. Curr. Drug Res. Rev. 13(2), 120–129 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 34. Rolando Alberto RF, Martiniano B, Saúl RH et al. In silico and in vivo studies of gp120-HIV-derived peptides in complex with G4-PAMAM dendrimers. RSC Adv. 10(35), 20414–20426 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 35. Rodríguez-Fonseca RA, Bello M, de los Muñoz-Fernández MÁ et al. In silico search, chemical characterization and immunogenic evaluation of amino-terminated G4-PAMAM-HIV peptide complexes using three-dimensional models of the HIV-1 gp120 protein. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 177, 77–93 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36. Kumar PD, Kumar PV, Anneer Selvam TP, Rao KS. Prolonged drug delivery system of PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers with a anti-HIV drug. Res. Pharm. 3(2), 8–17 (2013). • This article showed that dendrimer nanoparticles surface modification with PEG could reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles in HIV therapy.
  Google Scholar
• 37. Zhou J, Neff CP, Liu X et al. Systemic administration of combinatorial dsiRNAs via nanoparticles efficiently suppresses HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Mol. Ther. 19(12), 2228–2238 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 38. Agashe HB, Dutta T, Garg M, Jain NK. Investigations on the toxicological profile of functionalized fifth-generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimer. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58(11), 1491–1498 (2010).
  Google Scholar
• 39. Idris AO, Mamba B, Feleni U. Poly(propylene imine) dendrimer: a potential nanomaterial for electrochemical application. Mater. Chem. Phys. 244, 122641 (2020).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 40. Drzewińska J, Appelhans D, Voit B, Bryszewska M, Klajnert B. Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers modified with maltose or maltotriose protect phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides against nuclease activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 427(1), 197–201 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41. Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Ferenc M, Zaborski M, Gabara B, Klajnert B, Bryszewska M. Characterization of complexes formed by polypropylene imine dendrimers and anti-HIV oligonucleotides. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 83(2), 360–366 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42. Maly J, Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Maly M et al. Highly organized self-assembled dendriplexes based on poly(propylene imine) glycodendrimer and anti-HIV oligodeoxynucleotides. Curr. Med. Chem. 19(27), 4708–4719 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43. John SV, Rotherham LS, Khati M, Mamba BB, Arotiba OA. Towards HIV detection: novel poly(propylene imine) dendrimer-streptavidin platform for electrochemical DNA and gp120 aptamer biosensors. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 9(10), 5425–5437 (2014).
  Google Scholar
• 44. Khan T, Mayuresh Patkar M, Momin M, Omri A. Macrophage targeted nanocarrier delivery systems in HIV therapeutics. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 17(7), 903–918 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 45. Saurabh S, Sahoo AK, Maiti PK. Energetics of dendrimer binding to HIV-1 gp120-CD4 complex and mechanismic aspects of its role as an entry-inhibitor. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 759(1), 012020 (2016).
  Google Scholar
• 46. Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Natalia C, García F, de los Ángeles Muñoz-Fernandez M. G2-S16 sulfonate dendrimer as new therapy for treatment failure in HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Nanomedicine 14(9), 1095–1107 (2019).
  Google Scholar
• 47. MacIel D, Guerrero-Beltrán C, Ceña-Diez R, Tomás H, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Rodrigues J. New anionic poly(alkylideneamine) dendrimers as microbicide agents against HIV-1 infection. Nanoscale 11(19), 9679–9690 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48. Tyssen D, Henderson SA, Johnson A et al. Structure activity relationship of dendrimer microbicides with dual action antiviral activity. PLOS ONE 5(8), e12309 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 49. Bon I, Lembo D, Rusnati M et al. Peptide-derivatized SB105-A10 dendrimer inhibits the infectivity of R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains in primary PBMCs and cervicovaginal histocultures. PLOS ONE 8(10), 1–13 (2013).
  Google Scholar
• 50. Relaño-Rodríguez I, Juárez-Sánchez R, Pavicic C, Muñoz E, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as a new adjuvant in combination with latency reversal agents for HIV treatment. J. Nanobiotechnol. 17(1), 1–8 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51. Briz V, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Diniz AR et al. Development of water-soluble polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as novel and highly potent topical anti-HIV-2 microbicides. Nanoscale 7(35), 14669–14683 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52. Guerrero-Beltran C, Rodriguez-Izquierdo I, Serramia MJ et al. Anionic carbosilane dendrimers destabilize the GP120-CD4 complex blocking HIV-1 entry and cell to cell fusion. Bioconjug. Chem. 29(5), 1584–1594 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 53. Vacas-Córdoba E, Maly M, De la Mata FJ, Gómez R, Pion M, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Antiviral mechanism of polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers against HIV-I. Int. J. Nanomed. 11, 1281–1294 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 54. Alfei S, Catena S, Ponassi M, Rosano C, Zoppi V, Spallarossa A. Hydrophilic and amphiphilic water-soluble dendrimer prodrugs suitable for parenteral administration of a non-soluble non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor thiocarbamate derivative. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 124, 153–164 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 55. Pargoo EM, Aghasadeghi MR, Parivar K, Nikbin M, Rahimi P, Ardestani MS. Lamivudine-conjugated and efavirenz-loaded G2 dendrimers: novel anti-retroviral nano drug delivery systems. IET Nanobiotechnol. 15(7), 627–637 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 56. Clayton R, Hardman J, Labranche CC, McReynolds KD. Evaluation of the synthesis of sialic acid-PAMAM glycodendrimers without the use of sugar protecting groups, and the anti-HIV-1 properties of these compounds. Bioconjug. Chem. 22(10), 2186–2197 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 57. Zhou J, Neff CP, Liu X et al. Systemic administration of combinatorial dsiRNAs via nanoparticles efficiently suppresses HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Mol. Ther. 19(12), 2228–2238 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58. Telwatte S, Moore K, Johnson A et al. Virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide SPL7013 against HIV-1. Antiviral Res. 90(3), 195–199 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59. Yemul O, Imae T. Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethyleneimine) dendrimers. Colloid Polym. Sci. 286(6–7), 747–752 (2008).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 60. Zakeri A, Kouhbanani MAJ, Beheshtkhoo N et al. Polyethylenimine-based nanocarriers in co-delivery of drug and gene: a developing horizon. Nano Rev. Exp. 9(1), 1488497 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 61. Lu Y, Wu F, Duan W et al. Engineering a “PEG-g-PEI/DNA nanoparticle-in- PLGA microsphere” hybrid controlled release system to enhance immunogenicity of DNA vaccine. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 106, 110294 (2020).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 62. Chen Y, Huang Y, Huang H et al. Farnesylthiosalicylic acid-derivatized PEI-based nanocomplex for improved tumor vaccination. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 26, 594–602 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63. Hauptmann N, Pion M, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ et al. Ni(II)-NTA modified poly(ethylene imine) glycopolymers: physicochemical properties and first in vitro study of polyplexes formed with HIV-derived peptides. Macromol. Biosci. 13(5), 531–538 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 64. Li M, Jiang Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Sun X. Enhanced immune response against HIV-1 induced by a heterologous DNA prime-adenovirus boost vaccination using mannosylated polyethyleneimine as DNA vaccine adjuvant. Int. J. Nanomed. 8, 1843–1854 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 65. Rodriguez M, Lapierre J, Ojha CR et al. Intranasal drug delivery of small interfering RNA targeting beclin1 encapsulated with polyethylenimine (PEI) in mouse brain to achieve HIV attenuation. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 1–10 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 66. Hu J, Wen CY, Zhang ZL et al. Optically encoded multifunctional nanospheres for one-pot separation and detection of multiplex DNA sequences. Anal. Chem. 85(24), 11929–11935 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 67. Vinogradov SV, Poluektova LY, Makarov E, Gerson T, Senanayake MT. Nano-NRTIs: efficient inhibitors of HIV type-1 in macrophages with a reduced mitochondrial toxicity. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 21(1), 1–14 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68. Weber ND, Merkel OM, Kissel T, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. PEGylated poly(ethylene imine) copolymer-delivered siRNA inhibits HIV replication in vitro. J. Control. Rel. 157(1), 55–63 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 69. Mamo T, Moseman EA, Kolishetti N et al. Emerging nanotechnology approaches for HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. Nanomedicine 5(2), 269–285 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 70. Astete CE, Sabliov CM. Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 17(3), 247–289 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 71. Yang H, Li J, Patel SK, Palmer KE, Devlin B, Rohan LC. Design of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) nanoparticles for vaginal co-delivery of griffthsin and dapivirine and their synergistic effect for HIV prophylaxis. Pharmaceutics 11(4), 1–21 (2019).
  Google Scholar
• 72. Mandal S, Prathipati PK, Kang G et al. Tenofovir alafenamide and elvitegravir loaded nanoparticles for long-acting prevention of HIV-1 vaginal transmission. AIDS 31(4), 469 (2017). • This article proved the long-acting mechanism of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymeric nanoparticles, their long circulation time and low blood clearance.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73. Jiang Y, Cao S, Bright DK et al. Nanoparticle-based ARV drug combinations for synergistic inhibition of cell-free and cell-cell HIV transmission. Mol. Pharm. 12(12), 4363–4374 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 74. Choi S, Lee J, Kumar P, Lee KY, Lee SK. Single chain variable fragment CD7 antibody conjugated PLGA/HDAC inhibitor immuno-nanoparticles: developing human T cell-specific nano-technology for delivery of therapeutic drugs targeting latent HIV. J. Control. Rel. 152(Suppl. 1), e9–10 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 75. Gong Y, Chowdhury P, Midde NM, Rahman MA, Yallapu MM, Kumar S. Novel elvitegravir nanoformulation approach to suppress the viral load in HIV-infected macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 12, 214–219 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 76. Ariza-Sáenz M, Espina M, Bolaños N et al. Penetration of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide derived from GB virus C in a vaginal mucosa model. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 120, 98–106 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 77. Shibata A, McMullen E, Pham A et al. Polymeric nanoparticles containing combination antiretroviral drugs for HIV type 1 treatment. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 29(5), 746–754 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 78. Destache CJ, Belgum T, Goede M, Shibata A, Belshan MA. Antiretroviral release from poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles in mice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65(10), 2183–2187 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 79. Nunes R, Araújo F, Barreiros L et al. Noncovalent PEG coating of nanoparticle drug carriers improves the local pharmacokinetics of rectal anti-HIV microbicides. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(41), 34942–34953 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80. Dev A, Binulal NS, Anitha A et al. Preparation of poly(lactic acid)/chitosan nanoparticles for anti-HIV drug delivery applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 80(3), 833–838 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 81. Dahmane EM, Rhazi M, Taourirte M. Chitosan nanoparticles as a new delivery system for the anti-HIV drug zidovudine. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 34(5), 1333–1338 (2013).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 82. Afshari R, Mazinani S, Abdouss M. Nanohybrid nanoparticles based on chitosan/functionalized carbon nanotubes as anti-HIV nanocarrier. Nano 10(1), 1–12 (2015).
  Google Scholar
• 83. Priya Dharshini K, Fang H, Ramya Devi D et al. pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles loaded with dolutegravir as milk and food admixture for paediatric anti-HIV therapy. Carbohydr. Polym. 256, 117440 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 84. Meng J, Sturgis TF, Youan BBC. Engineering tenofovir loaded chitosan nanoparticles to maximize microbicide mucoadhesion. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 44(1–2), 57–67 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 85. Iranpur Mobarakeh V, Modarressi MH, Rahimi P et al. Optimization of chitosan nanoparticles as an anti-HIV siRNA delivery vehicle. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 129, 305–315 (2019).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 86. Makita-Chingombe F, Kutscher HL, DiTursi SL, Morse GD, Maponga CC. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid-chitosan dual loaded nanoparticles for antiretroviral nanoformulations. J. Drug Deliv. 2016, 1–10 (2016).
  Google Scholar
• 87. Ramana LN, Sharma S, Sethuraman S, Ranga U, Krishnan UM. Evaluation of chitosan nanoformulations as potent anti-HIV therapeutic systems. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1840(1), 476–484 (2014).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 88. Yang L, Chen L, Zeng R et al. Synthesis, nanosizing and in vitro drug release of a novel anti-HIV polymeric prodrug: chitosan-O-isopropyl-5′-O-d4T monophosphate conjugate. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18(1), 117–123 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89. Alamdaran M, Movahedi B, Mohabatkar H, Behbahani M. In-vitro study of the novel nanocarrier of chitosan-based nanoparticles conjugated HIV-1 P24 protein-derived peptides. J. Mol. Liq. 265(2017), 243–250 (2018).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 90. Wu D, Ensinas A, Verrier B et al. Zinc-stabilized chitosan-chondroitin sulfate nanocomplexes for HIV-1 infection inhibition application. Mol. Pharm. 13(9), 3279–3291 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 91. Suner SS, Sahiner M, Sengel SB, Rees DJ, Reed WF, Sahiner N. Responsive biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. In: Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials. Makhlouf ASHAbu-Thabit NYBT (Eds). Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, UK, 453–500 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 92. Zhang E, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Li K, Li P. Advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for oncotherapy. Carbohydr. Polym. 222, 115004 (2019).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 93. Afshari R, Mazinani S, Abdouss M. Nanohybrid nanoparticles based on chitosan/functionalized carbon nanotubes as anti-HIV nanocarrier. Nano 10(1), 1–12 (2015).
  Google Scholar
• 94. Gu J, Al-Bayati K, Ho EA. Development of antibody-modified chitosan nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of siRNA across the blood–brain barrier as a strategy for inhibiting HIV replication in astrocytes. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 7(4), 497–506 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 95. Yang L, Chen L, Zeng R et al. Synthesis, nanosizing and in vitro drug release of a novel anti-HIV polymeric prodrug: chitosan-O-isopropyl-5′-O-d4T monophosphate conjugate. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18(1), 117–123 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 96. Karimifard S, Rezaei N, Jamshidifar E et al. pH-responsive chitosan-adorned niosome nanocarriers for co-delivery of drugs for breast cancer therapy. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5(7), 8811–8825 (2022).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 97. Barenholz Y. Doxil^®–the first FDA-approved nano-drug: lessons learned. J. Control. Rel. 160(2), 117–134 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 98. Gagliardi A, Giuliano E, Venkateswararao E et al. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to solid tumors. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 17 (2021).
  Google Scholar
• 99. Nayak D, Boxi A, Ashe S, Thathapudi NC, Nayak B. Stavudine loaded gelatin liposomes for HIV therapy: preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxic evaluation. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 73, 406–416 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 100. Tomitaka A, Arami H, Huang Z et al. Hybrid magneto-plasmonic liposomes for multimodal image-guided and brain-targeted HIV treatment. Nanoscale 10(1), 184–194 (2018).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 101. Zhao Y, Sun H, Li X, Mo X, Zhang G. Anti-HIV effect of liposomes bearing CXCR4 receptor antagonist N15P. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 12(4), 503–509 (2013).
  Google Scholar
• 102. Wang L, Sassi AB, Patton D et al. Development of a liposome microbicide formulation for vaginal delivery of octylglycerol for HIV prevention. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 38, 995–1007 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 103. Bronshtein T, Toledano N, Danino D, Pollack S, Machluf M. Cell derived liposomes expressing CCR5 as a new targeted drug-delivery system for HIV infected cells. J. Control. Rel. 151(2), 139–148 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 104. Yadavar-Nikravesh M-S, Ahmadi S, Milani A et al. Construction and characterization of a novel tenofovir-loaded PEGylated niosome conjugated with TAT peptide for evaluation of its cytotoxicity and anti-HIV effects. Adv. Powder Technol. 32(9), 3161–3173 (2021).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 105. Singh Chauhan P, Abutbul Ionita I, Moshe Halamish H, Sosnik A, Danino D. Multidomain drug delivery systems of β-casein micelles for the local oral co-administration of antiretroviral combinations. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 592, 156–166 (2021). • Authors studied a combination of different anti-HIV drugs in micelles and precisely assessed its mechanisms. They developed a flexible and modular technology platform for the oral delivery of fixed-dose combinations.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 106. Witika BA, Smith VJ, Walker RB. Top-down synthesis of a lamivudine-zidovudine nano co-crystal. Crystals 11(1), 33 (2021).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 107. Kim H, Zhang W, Hwang J et al. Carrier-free micellar CpG interacting with cell membrane for enhanced immunological treatment of HIV-1. Biomaterials 277, 121081 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 108. Rojekar S, Pai R, Abadi LF et al. Dual loaded nanostructured lipid carrier of nano-selenium and Etravirine as a potential anti-HIV therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 607, 120986 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 109. Zhuang J, Han B, Liu W et al. Liposome-amplified photoelectrochemical immunoassay for highly sensitive monitoring of disease biomarkers based on a split-type strategy. Adv. Biosens. Bioelectron. 99, 230–236 (2017).
  Google Scholar
• 110. Damhorst GL, Smith CE, Salm EM. A liposome-based ion release impedance sensor for biological detection. Biomed. Microdevices 15(5), 895–905 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 111. Tomitaka A, Arami H, Huang Z et al. Hybrid magneto-plasmonic liposomes for multimodal image-guided and brain-targeted HIV treatment. Nanoscale 10(1), 184–194 (2018).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 112. Bhattacharya S, Saindane D, Prajapati BG. Liposomal drug delivery and its potential impact on cancer research. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 22(15), 2671–2683 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 113. Melidis L, Styles IB, Hannon MJ. Targeting structural features of viral genomes with a nano-sized supramolecular drug. Chem. Sci. 12(20), 7174–7184 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 114. Khorsandi Z, Metkazini SFM, Heydari A, Varma RS. Visible light-driven direct synthesis of ketones from aldehydes via CH bond activation using NiCu nanoparticles adorned on carbon nano onions. Mol. Catal. 516, 111987 (2021).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 115. Peterhoff D, Thalhauser S, Sobczak JM et al. Augmenting the immune response against a stabilized HIV-1 clade C envelope trimer by silica nanoparticle delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 9(6), 642 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 116. Jayant RD, Atluri VSR, Tiwari S et al. Novel nanoformulation to mitigate co-effects of drugs of abuse and HIV-1 infection: towards the treatment of NeuroAIDS. J. Neurovirol. 23(4), 603–614 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 117. Mostafavi E, Zarepour A, Barabadi H, Zarrabi A, Truong LB, Medina-Cruz D. Antineoplastic activity of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles to combat leukemia: beginning a new era in cancer theragnostic. Biotechnol. Rep. 34, e00714 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 118. Jahangiri-Manesh A, Mousazadeh M, Taji S et al. Gold nanorods for drug and gene delivery: an overview of recent advancements. Pharmaceutics 14(3), 664 (2022).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 119. Gulati S, Singh P, Diwan A, Mongia A, Kumar S. Functionalized gold nanoparticles: promising and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools for HIV/AIDS. RSC Med. Chem. 11(11), 1252–1266 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 120. Barabadi H, Webster TJ, Vahidi H et al. Green nanotechnology-based gold nanomaterials for hepatic cancer therapeutics: a systematic review. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 19(3), 3–17 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 121. Aalinkeel R, Mangum CS, Abou-Jaoude E et al. Galectin-1 reduces neuroinflammation via modulation of nitric oxide-arginase signaling in HIV-1 transfected microglia: a gold nanoparticle-galectin-1 “nanoplex” a possible neurotherapeutic? J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 12(1), 133–151 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 122. Bowman M-C, Ballard TE, Ackerson CJ, Feldheim DL, Margolis DM, Melander C. Inhibition of HIV fusion with multivalent gold nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(22), 6896–6897 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 123. Garrido C, Carrie A, Dahl NP et al. Gold nanoparticles to improve HIV drug delivery. Future Med. Chem. 7, 1097–1107 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 124. Mostafavi E, Medina-Cruz D, Vernet-Crua A et al. Green nanomedicine: the path to the next generation of nanomaterials for diagnosing brain tumors and therapeutics? Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 18(6), 715–736 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 125. Hameed S, Rehman S. Nanotechnology for Infectious Diseases. Springer, NY, USA (2022).
  Google Scholar
• 126. Kesarkar R, Oza G, Pandey S et al. Gold nanoparticles: effective as both entry inhibitors and virus neutralizing agents against HIV. J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res. 2(2), 276–283 (2012).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 127. Tenforde MW, Shapiro AE, Rouse B et al. Treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018(7), CD005647 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 128. Singh L, Kruger HG, Maguire GEM, Govender T, Parboosing R. Development and evaluation of peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles for HIV integrase inhibition. Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther. 25(1), 311–322 (2019).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 129. Chiodo F, Marradi M, Calvo J, Yuste E, Penadés S. Glycosystems in nanotechnology: gold glyconanoparticles as carrier for anti-HIV prodrugs. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 10, 1339–1346 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 130. Peña-González CE, García-Broncano P, Ottaviani MF et al. Dendronized anionic gold nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and antiviral activity. Chemistry 22(9), 2987–2999 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 131. Chiodo F, Enríquez-Navas PM, Angulo J, Marradi M, Penadés S. Assembling different antennas of the gp120 high mannose-type glycans on gold nanoparticles provides superior binding to the anti-HIV antibody 2G12 than the individual antennas. Carbohydr. Res. 405, 102–109 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 132. Res JMB, Kesarkar R, Oza G et al. Gold nanoparticles: effective as both entry inhibitors and virus neutralizing agents against HIV. Jmbronline Com. 2(2), 276–283 (2012).
  Google Scholar
• 133. Sanna V, Youssef MF, Pala N et al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 integrase by β-diketo acid coated gold nanoparticles. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 11(5), 857–861 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 134. Shiang YC, Ou CM, Chen SJ et al. Highly efficient inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by aptamers functionalized gold nanoparticles. Nanoscale 5(7), 2756–2764 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 135. Malik T, Chauhan G, Rath G, Kesarkar RN, Chowdhary AS, Goyal AK. Efaverinz and nano-gold-loaded mannosylated niosomes: a host cell-targeted topical HIV-1 prophylaxis via thermogel system. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 46(Suppl. 1), 79–90 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 136. Lara HH, Ayala-Nuñez NV, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1. J. Nanobiotechnol. 8(1), 1–10 (2010). •• Elucidates the mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1 using a panel of different in vitro assays. Few studies are available in this area.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 137. Lara HH, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Garza Treviño EN, Singh DK. Use of silver nanoparticles increased inhibition of cell-associated HIV-1 infection by neutralizing antibodies developed against HIV-1 envelope proteins. J. Nanobiotechnol. 9(1), 38 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 138. Elechiguerra JL, Burt JL, Morones JR et al. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1. J. Nanobiotechnol. 3(1), 1–10 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 139. Malik T, Chauhan G, Rath G, Murthy RSR, Goyal AK. “Fusion and binding inhibition” key target for HIV-1 treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis: targets, drug delivery and nanotechnology approaches. Drug Deliv. 24(1), 608–621 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 140. Dunn K, Edwards-Jones V. The role of Acticoat™ with nanocrystalline silver in the management of burns. Burns 30, S1–S9 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 141. Nejati K, Dadashpour M, Gharibi T, Mellatyar H, Akbarzadeh A. Biomedical applications of functionalized gold nanoparticles: a review. J. Clust. Sci. 33(1), 1–16 (2022).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 142. Chen L, Liang J. An overview of functional nanoparticles as novel emerging antiviral therapeutic agents. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 112, 110924 (2020).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 143. HIVinfo.NIH.gov. FDA-approved HIV medicines (2023). https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/fda-approved-hiv-medicines
  Google Scholar
• 144. Gonçalves PH, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R. HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma and related diseases. AIDS 31(14), 1903 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 145. Anselmo AC, Mitragotri S. Nanoparticles in the clinic: an update. Bioeng. Transl. Med. 4(3), e10143 (2019). •• Comprehensive review of the history, current clinical landscape and clinical challenges of nanoparticle delivery systems.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 146. Ruschel MAP, Thapa B. Cryptococcal meningitis. StatPearls Publishing, FL, USA (2022). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525986/
  Google Scholar
• 147. European Commission. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) modified opinion (after public consultation) on the appropriateness of existing methodologies to assess the potential risks associated with engineered and adventitious. European Commission, Strasbourg, France (2006). https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_003b.pdf
  Google Scholar
• 148. Surnar B, Shah AS, Park M et al. Brain-accumulating nanoparticles for assisting astrocytes to reduce human immunodeficiency virus and drug abuse-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. ACS Nano 15(10), 15741–15753 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 149. Davarani Asl F, Mousazadeh M, Azimzadeh M, Ghaani MR. Mesoporous selenium nanoparticles for therapeutic goals: a review. J. Nanopart. Res. 24(10), 1–14 (2022).
  Google Scholar
• 150. Kumar L, Verma S, Prasad DN et al. Nanotechnology: a magic bullet for HIV AIDS treatment. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 43(2), 71–86 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 151. Laufer D. A phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of eOD-GT8 60mer mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1644) and Core-g28v2 60mer mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1644v2-Core) (2021). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05001373?term=mrna+vaccine&cond=Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus&draw=2&rank=1
  Google Scholar
• 152. van’t Klooster G, Hoeben E, Borghys H et al. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of rilpivirine (TMC278) nanosuspension as a long-acting injectable antiretroviral formulation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(5), 2042–2050 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 153. Kraft JC, Mcconnachie LA, Koehn J et al. Long-acting combination anti-HIV drug suspension enhances and sustains higher drug levels in lymph node cells than in blood cells and plasma. AIDS 31(6), 765–770 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 154. Mandal S, Kang G, Prathipati PK, Fan W, Li Q, Destache CJ. Long-acting parenteral combination antiretroviral loaded nano-drug delivery system to treat chronic HIV-1 infection: a humanized mouse model study. Antiviral Res. 156, 85–91 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 155. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of long-acting intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance of virologic suppression following switch from an integrase inhibitor in HIV-1 infected therapy naive participants (2023). https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02938520
  Google Scholar