Analysis of the antifungal potential of Macrocybe titans extract against Candida albicans
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antifungal potential of Macrocybe titans extracts against Candida albicans. Material & methods: Extracts were obtained as aqueous (EfraMat-22 and EfraMat-45) and methanolic/ethyl acetate fractions. Results: Broth microdilution and disk diffusion assays showed that EfraMat-45 provided the best results in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed morphological changes and slight damage on the surfaces of cells exposed to EfraMat-45 at the MIC. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of the yeasts showed cell elongation. EfraMat-45 presented high levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, high antioxidant activity and absence of in vitro cytotoxicity. Conclusion: The results indicated that the aqueous extract of M. titans is highly promising as an antifungal agent.
Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest
References
- 1. . Cell cycle dynamics and quorum sensing in Candida albicans chlamydospores are distinct from budding and hyphal growth. Eukaryot. Cell 4(7), 1191–1202 (2005). • Discusses the morphogenesis regulation of Candida albicans, and how the changes in morphogenesis are related with virulence.
- 2. . Implicações dos transgênicos na sustentabilidade ambiental e agrícola. Hist. Cienc. Saude Manguinhos 7(2), 481–491 (2000).
- 3. . Antifungal compounds against Candida infections from traditional chinese medicine. Biomed. Res. Int. 2017, 1–12 (2017).
- 4. . Biologically active compounds from Aphyllophorales (Polypore) fungi. J. Nat. Prod. 67(2), 300–310 (2004).
- 5. . Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst fruit bodies extracts. World J. Sci. Technol. 1, 8–11 (2011).
- 6. . Nutritional and medicinal value of specialty mushrooms. J. Food Prot. 53(10), 883–894 (1990).
- 7. . Genetics and breeding of edible mushrooms. Routledge, London, UK (1993).
- 8. . Medicinal and therapeutic value of the shiitake mushroom. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 39, 153–184 (1993).
- 9. Antimicrobial activities of basidiocarps of wild edible mushrooms of West Bengal, India. Int. J. Pharmtech Res. 4(4), 1554–1560 (2012).
- 10. Green synthesis of nanoparticles with extracellular and intracellular extracts of basidiomycetes. PeerJ 6, e5237 (2018).
- 11. . The pantropical genus Macrocybe gen. nov. Mycologia 90(3), 494–504 (1998).
- 12. . Produção de enzimas amilolíticas por Macrocybe titans em resíduo do processamento de cerveja. Rev. Bras. Biocienc. 8(3), 185–293 (2010).
- 13. Fucogalactan from the giant mushroom Macrocybe titans inhibits melanoma cells migration. Carbohydr. Polym. 190, 50–56 (2018). •• The first report of the chemical structure of a M. titans fucogalactan and its role in melanoma cell migration.
- 14. . Antioxidant and antimicrobial potentiality of quantitatively analysed ethanol extract from Macrocybe crassa. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 29(2), 53–60 (2014). • Ethanolic extract from M. crassa, a species closely related to M. titans, showed antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.
- 15. . A one-enzyme PCR-RFLP assay for identification of six medically important Candida species. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 47(3), 225–229 (2006).
- 16. Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica. ISME J. 7(7), 1434–1451 (2013).
- 17. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35(6), 1547–1549 (2018).
- 18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. CLSI document M27-A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, PA, USA (2008).
- 19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. CLSI document M44-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, PA, USA (2018).
- 20. . Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: discriminating invasion from colonization. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10(2), 112–122 (2011).
- 21. . Antagonistic effect of edible mushroom extract on Candida> albicans growth. Braz. J. Microbiol. 32(3), 176–178 (2001). • Antagonistic effect of mushroom extracts was tested for their potential to inhibit the in vitro growth of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.
- 22. . Investigation of antioxidative, antityrosinase and cytotoxic effects of extract of irradiated oyster mushroom. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 38(1), 31–39 (2016).
- 23. Mushroom ethanolic extracts as cosmeceuticals ingredients: safety and ex vivo skin permeation studies. Food Chem. Toxicol. 127, 228–236 (2019).
- 24. . In vitro evaluation of pleiotropic properties of wild mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus. Ann. Agric. Sci. 64(1), 79–87 (2019).
- 25. . Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of grape/wine industry byproducts and effect of solvent type on extraction of grape seed polyphenols. J. Food Compost. Anal. 19(1), 41–48 (2006).
- 26. Influência do solvente no conteúdo total de polifenóis, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante de extratos de bagaço de uva (Vitis vinifera) variedades Tannat e Ancelota. Ciencia Tecnol. Alime. 28, 238–244 (2008).
- 27. . Pharmacognostic standardization of Macrocybe crassa: an imminent medicinal mushroom. Res. J. Pharm. Tech. 8(7), 860–866 (2015).
- 28. . Antioxidantes: Princípios e Métodos Analíticos. Appris, Parana, Brazil (2015).
- 29. . Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: a comparative study between in vivo and in vitro samples. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50(5), 1201–1207 (2012).
- 30. . Recovery and studies on chlamydospore-negative Candida albicans isolated from clinical specimens. Med. Mycol. 40(3), 301–306 (2002).
- 31. . Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans on Pal's agar. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(10), 4787–4789 (2003).
- 32. . Combined effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume essential oil and nystatin on Candida albicans growth and micromorphology. Rev. Ciênc. Méd. Biol. 12(2), 149–156 (2013). • Considered of interest due to the information related to the growth and micromorphology of C. albicans.
- 33. . Glucanase induces filamentation of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLOS ONE 8(5), e63736 (2013). •• Filamentation on Candida albicans induced by glucanase was considered of considerable interest because it is related with virulence of the fungal pathogen.
- 34. . Antimicrobials from mushrooms for assuring food safety. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 16(2), 316–329 (2017).
- 35. The antibacterial activity of Coriolus versicolor methanol extract and its effect on ultrastructural changes of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1–15 (2016).
- 36. . Antifungal chitinase against human pathogenic yeasts from Coprinellus congregatus. J. Microbiol. 52(5), 441–443 (2014).
- 37. The cell wall protein Ecm33 of Candida albicans is involved in chronological life span, morphogenesis, cell wall regeneration, stress tolerance, and host–cell interaction. Front. Microbiol. 7, 64 (2016).
- 38. Anti-Candida albicans effect of the protein-carbohydrate fraction obtained from the coelomic fluid of earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. PLOS ONE 14(3), e0212869 (2019).