Preventing upper respiratory tract infections with prophylactic nasal carrageenan: a feasibility study

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

• 1. Rollinger JM, Schmidtke M. The human rhinovirus: human-pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery. Med. Res. Rev. 31(1), 42–92 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2. Footitt J, Johnston SL. Cough and viruses in airways disease: mechanisms. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 22(2), 108–113 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3. Hellgren J, Cervin A, Nordling S, Bergman A, Cardell LO. Allergic rhinitis and the common cold–high cost to society. Allergy 65(6), 776–783 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 4. Asher I, Byrnes C. Trying to catch our breath: the burden of preventable breathing diseases in children and young people. Asthma Respir. Found. New Zealand (2006).
  Google Scholar
• 5. Jackson D, Johnston S. The role of viruses in acute exacerbations of asthma. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Int. 125, 1178–1187 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 6. Abdelhadi S, Ruszczak Z, Schwartz RA. COVID-19: topical agents and therapeutic prevention of nasal viral acquisition. Dermatol. Ther. 34(1), e14454 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 7. Wang W, Wang S-X, Guan H-S. The antiviral activities and mechanisms of marine polysaccharides: an overview. Mar. Drugs 10(12), 2795–2816 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 8. Grassauer A, Weinmuellner R, Meier C, Pretsch A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Unger H. Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection. Virol. J. 5(107), 1–13 (2008). •• Outlines the considered biological effects of carrageenans on viruses.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9. Morokutti-Kurz M, Froba M, Graf P et al. Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro. PLoS ONE 16(2), e0237480 (2021).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 10. Figueroa JM, Lombardo ME, Dogliotti A et al. Efficacy of a nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan in the postexposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in hospital personnel dedicated to patients care with COVID-19 disease. Int. J. Gen. Med. 14, 6277–6286 (2021).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 11. Leibbrandt A, Meier C, König-Schuster M et al. Iota-carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of influenza A virus infection. PLoS ONE 5(12), e14320 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12. Eccles R, Meier C, Jawad M, Weinmullner R, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E. Efficacy and safety of an antiviral iota-carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold. Respir. Res. 11(1), 108 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 13. Fazekas T, Eickhoff P, Pruckner N et al. Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12(1), 147 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14. Jackson GG, Dowling HF, Spiesman IG, Boand AV. Transmission of the common cold to volunteers under controlled conditions. I. The common cold as a clinical entity. AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 101, 267–278 (1958). •• Historically, this paper defined the common cold symptoms used by many subsequent studies.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15. Walker GJ, Stelzer-Braid S, Shorter C et al. Viruses associated with acute respiratory infection in a community-based cohort of healthy New Zealand children. J. Med. Virol. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25493 (2019) (Epub ahead of print).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 16. Tovey E, Stelzer-Braid S, Toelle B et al. Rhinoviruses significantly affect day-to-day respiratory symptoms of children with asthma. JACI 135(3), 663–669 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 17. Stelzer-Braid S, Escott R, Baleriola C et al. Proficiency of nucleic acid tests for avian influenza viruses, Australasia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14(7), 1126–1128 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18. Stelzer-Braid S, Johal H, Skilbeck K et al. Detection of viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Virol. Methods 186(1), 109–112 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19. Cegolon L, Mastrangelo G, Emanuelli E, Camerotto R, Spinato G, Frezza D. Early negativization of SARS-CoV-2 infection by nasal spray of seawater plus additives: the RENAISSANCE open-label controlled clinical trial. Pharmaceutics 14(11), 1–17 (2022).
  Google Scholar
• 20. Eccles R, Winther B, Johnston SL, Robinson P, Trampisch M, Koelsch S. Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial. Respir. Res. 16(1), 1–11 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 21. Newcombe RG. Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Statistics in medicine 17(8), 873–890 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar