Research Article

Comparative genomics of Sporothrix species and identification of putative pathogenic-gene determinants

Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Ponmurugan Karuppiah

Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

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Naif A Al-Dhabi

Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

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Gandham S Prasad

Technology, Industrial Liaison & Entrepreneurship Unit, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India

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Chandan Badapanda

Bioinformatics Division, Xcelris Labs Limited, Ahmedabad 380015, Gujarat, India

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Arunaloke Chakrabarti

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-3807

Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy

*Author for correspondence: Tel.: +91 172 275 5162;

E-mail Address: mrshivprakash@yahoo.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9097-9253

Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Published Online:12 Nov 2020https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0302

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Abstract

Aim: To understand the phylogenomics, pathogenic/virulence-associated genes and genomic evolution of pathogenic Sporothrix species. Materials & methods: We performed in silico comparative genome analysis of Sporothrix species using ab initio tools and in-house scripts. We predicted genes and repeats, compared genomes based on synteny, identified orthologous clusters, assessed genes family expansion/contraction, predicted secretory proteins and finally searched for similar sequences from various databases. Results: The phylogenomics revealed that Sporothrix species are closely related to Ophiostoma species. The gene family evolutionary analysis revealed the expansion of genes related to virulence (CFEM domain, iron acquisition genes, lysin motif domain), stress response (Su[var]3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax domain and Domain of unknown function 1996), proteases (aspartic protease, x-pro dipeptidyl-peptidase), cell wall composition associated genes (chitin deacetylase, chitinase) and transporters (major facilitator superfamily transporter, oligo-peptide transporter family) in Sporothrix species. Conclusion: The present study documents the putative pathogenic/virulence-associated genes in the Sporothrix species.

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Vol. 15, No. 15

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Received 2 November 2019

Accepted 5 October 2020

Published online 12 November 2020

Published in print October 2020

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Keywords

Supplementary data

To view the supplementary data that accompany this paper please visit the journal website at: www.futuremedicine.com/doi/suppl/10.2217/bmm-2019-0302

Author contributions

H Prakash, SM Rudramurthy, P Karuppiah, GS Prasad, C Badapanda, A Chakrabarti and NA Al-Dhabi designed the study. H Prakash, P Karuppiah and C Badapanda performed the experiments. H Prakash, SM Rudramurthy, C Badapanda and P Karuppiah wrote the manuscript. SM Rudramurthy, NA Al-Dhabi, A Chakrabarti and GS Prasad edited and proofread the document. The final version of the manuscript was read and corrected by all the authors.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Milner Kumar M, Blackbuck Technologies, Chennai, for his assistance in designing the methodology and interpretation of the results.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Data sharing statement

The data generated in the current study are included in the main article and information files.

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