Physiological and proteomic analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia grown under the iron-limited condition
Abstract
Aims: To study physiological and proteomic analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia grown under iron-limited condition. Methods: One clinical and environmental S. maltophilia isolates grown under iron-depleted conditions were studied for siderophore production, ability to kill nematodes and alteration in protein expression using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (ITRAQ). Results & conclusions: Siderophore production was observed in both clinical and environmental strains under iron-depleted conditions. Caenorhabditis elegans assay showed higher killing rate under iron-depleted (96%) compared with normal condition (76%). The proteins identified revealed, 96 proteins upregulated and 26 proteins downregulated for the two isolates under iron depletion. The upregulated proteins included several iron acquisition proteins, metabolic proteins and putative virulence proteins.
Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest
References
- 1. The versatility and adaptation of bacteria from the genus Stenotrophomonas. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7(7), 514–525 (2009).
- 2. . Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25(1), 2–41 (2012). • Review summarizes the current literature and presents Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection.
- 3. . Role of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in hospital-acquired infection. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 62(3), 145–154 (2005).
- 4. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a general hospital: patient characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and treatment outcome. PLoS ONE 7(5), e37375 (2012).
- 5. . Infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front. Oncol. 4, 231 (2014).
- 6. . Characterization of flagella produced by clinical strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8(9), 918–923 (2002).
- 7. Molecular characterization of virulence determinants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from patients affected by cystic fibrosis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 20(3), 529–537 (2007).
- 8. . Role of phosphoglucomutase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Infect. Immun. 71(6), 3068–3075 (2003).
- 9. . Siderophores of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: detection and determination of their chemical nature. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 44(3), 150–154 (2012). •• Detect S. maltophilia siderophores and their chemical nature. from 31 S. maltophilia isolates from device-associated infections, using chrome azurol S (CAS) agar assay.
- 10. Functional characterization of the RNA Chaperone Hfq in the opportunistic human pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J. Bacteriol. 194(21), 5864–5874 (2012).
- 11. . Stenotrophomonas maltophilia encodes a Type II protein secretion system that promotes detrimental effects on lung epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 81(9), 3210–3219 (2013).
- 12. . Iron is a signal for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm formation, oxidative stress response, OMPs expression, and virulence. Front. Microbiol. 6(926), 1–14 (2015). •• Assess the role of iron on S. maltophilia biofilm formation, EPS production, oxidative stress response, outer membrane proteins regulation, quorum sensing (QS) and virulence.
- 13. . Systematic mutational analysis of histidine kinase genes in the nosocomial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia identifies BfmAK system control of biofilm development. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82(8), 2444–2456 (2016).
- 14. Cytotoxic activity of clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43(4), 443–449 (2006).
- 15. . Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: pathogenesis model using Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Med. Microbiol. 62(Part 11), 1777–1779 (2013). •• Pathogenesis model of S. maltophilia using Caenorhabditis elegans
- 16. . Bacterial iron homeostasis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27(2–3), 215–237 (2003).
- 17. . The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts. PLoS Pathog. 6(8), 1–2 (2010).
- 18. . The ‘Checkmate’ for iron between human host and invading bacteria: chess game analogy. Indian J. Microbiol. 58(3), 257–267 (2018).
- 19. . Iron and infection: competition between host and microbes for a precious element. Best Pract. Res. Cl. Ha. 15(2), 411–426 (2002).
- 20. . Putative Iron Acquisition Systems in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Molecules. 23(8), 2048 (2018). •• Identification of various iron acquisition systems and iron sources utilized during iron starvation in S. maltophilia.
- 21. . Iron and virulence in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: all we know so far. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 8, 1–8 (2018).
- 22. The effect of imipenem and diffusible signaling factors on the secretion of outer membrane vesicles and associated Ax21 proteins in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Front. Microbiol. 6, 1–9 (2015).
- 23. . Proteomic analysis of outer membrane proteins and vesicles of a clinical isolate and a collection strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J. Proteom. 16(142), 122–129 (2016). •• Characterization of the outer membrane proteins and native OMV subproteomes of a clinical isolate and ATCC13637 of S. maltophilia
- 24. Proteomic Analysis of Clinical Isolate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with bla. J. Proteome Res. 11, 4024–4033 (2012).
- 25. . Differential proteomic analysis of the response of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to imipenem. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 95(3), 717–733 (2012).
- 26. Molecular characterization of virulence determinants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from patients affected by cystic fibrosis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 20(3), 529–537 (2007). • Characterization of 13 S. maltophilia strains for the expression of several virulence-associated factor.
- 27. . Laboratory culture and maintenance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 32, Unit 6F (2014).
- 28. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains from cystic fibrosis patients: genomic variability and molecular characterization of some virulence determinants. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 301(1), 34–43 (2011).
- 29. . Universal chemical assay for the detection and determination of siderophores. Anal. Biochem. 160(1), 47–56 (1987).
- 30. . Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans life span on solid media. J. Vis. Exp. 27, 1152 (2009). • Generalized protocol for measuring life span of nematodes maintained on solid nematode growth media.
- 31. . Quantitative proteomic analysis of G-protein signalling in Stagonospora nodorum using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification. Proteomics. 10(1), 38–47 (2010).
- 32. The SEED and the rapid annotation of microbial genomes using Subsystems Technology (RAST). Nucleic Acids Res. 42(D1), 1–9 (2014).
- 33. . Genotypic and phenotypic relationships between clinical and environmental isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37(11), 3594–3600 (1999).
- 34. . Siderophore-mediated signaling regulates virulence factor production in Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(10), 7072–7077 (2002).
- 35. . GeneChip® expression analysis of the iron starvation response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification of novel pyoverdine biosynthesis genes. Mol. Microbiol. 45(5), 1277–1287 (2002).
- 36. . Iron deficiency leads to inhibition of oxygen transfer and enhanced formation of virulence factors in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microbiology. 149(9), 2627–2634 (2003).
- 37. . Myxococcus xanthus dif genes are required for biogenesis of cell surface fibrils essential for social gliding motility. J. Bacteriol. 182(20), 5793–5798 (2000).
- 38. . Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects: Nematophagous bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 61(2), 197–213 (2007).
- 39. . Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and industrial applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59(1), 15–32 (2002).
- 40. . Microbial proteases in peptide synthesis: approaches and applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68(6), 726–736 (2005).
- 41. . Microbial enzymes for bioconversion of poultry waste into added-value products. Food Res. Int. 73, 3–12 (2015).
- 42. . Proteases from Bacillus: a new insight into the mechanism of action for rhizobacterial suppression of nematode populations. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 45(3), 262–269 (2007).
- 43. . Extracellular protease of pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0, a biocontrol factor with activity against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(9), 5646–5649 (2005).
- 44. . Production, characterization, gene cloning, and nematocidal activity of the extracellular protease from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia N4. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 121(6), 614–618 (2016).
- 45. . Extracellular enzyme profiling of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. Virulence. 5(2), 326–330 (2014).
- 46. D-amino acids govern stationary phase cell wall re-modeling in bacteria. Science. 325(5947), 1552–1555 (2009).
- 47. . Proteomic analysis of Pseudomonas putida reveals an organic solvent tolerance-related gene mmsB. PLoS ONE 8(2), e55858 (2013).
- 48. . Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate degradation in rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti: isolation and characterization of a gene encoding 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 181(3), 849–857 (1999).
- 49. . Draft genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain 5BA-I-2, a soil isolate and a member of a phylogenetically basal lineage. Genome Announc. 2(2), e00134-14–e00134-14 (2014).
- 50. . TonB-dependent iron acquisition: mechanisms of siderophore-mediated active transport. Mol. Microbiol. 28(4), 675–681 (1998).
- 51. . Bacterial virulence in the moonlight: multitasking bacterial moonlighting proteins are virulence determinants in infectious disease. Infect. Immun. 79(9), 3476–3491 (2011).