The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as standard treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia was paralleled by the establishment of molecular diagnostics to routinely assess the activity of disease. The quantitative measurement of the BCR-ABL oncogene levels allows the exact determination of the individual treatment response, which correlates with prognosis and makes chronic myeloid leukemia a disease that is manageable like few others. PCR diagnostics can be performed from blood samples and surpass the sensitivity of conventional cytogenetics, which is of particular importance since the majority of patients today achieve very deep responses. In case of resistance, the detection of BCR-ABL mutations has become the major tool to guide second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment.
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