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Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: an underdiagnosed problem

    Sharon Muzerengi

    University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK.

    ,
    Helen Lewis

    University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK.

    ,
    Mark Edwards

    Movement Disorders Unit, Kings College Hospital, 9th Floor Ruskin Wing, Denmark hill, London, SE5 9RS UK.

    Guy's King's St. Thomas’ School of Medicine and Kings College, London.

    ,
    Emma Kipps

    Movement Disorders Unit, Kings College Hospital, 9th Floor Ruskin Wing, Denmark hill, London, SE5 9RS UK.

    Guy's King's St. Thomas’ School of Medicine and Kings College, London.

    ,
    Anuj Bahl

    Movement Disorders Unit, Kings College Hospital, 9th Floor Ruskin Wing, Denmark hill, London, SE5 9RS UK.

    Guy's King's St. Thomas’ School of Medicine and Kings College, London.

    ,
    Pablo Martinez-Martin

    Unit of Neuroepidemiology. National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.

    &
    K Ray Chaudhuri

    † Author for correspondence

    University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK.

    Movement Disorders Unit, Kings College Hospital, 9th Floor Ruskin Wing, Denmark hill, London, SE5 9RS UK.

    Guy's King's St. Thomas’ School of Medicine and Kings College, London.

    National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, Kings College London, UK.

    Published Online:https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.2.6.967

    Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the consequent dysfunction of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways are also affected. However, It has been recognized that nondopaminergic and non-motor symptoms are sometimes present prior to diagnosis and these inevitably emerge with disease progression, impacting on morbidity, quality of life and mortality. The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease continue to be poorly recognized and inadequately treated in contrast with motor symptoms, and a modern holistic approach to treatment of Parkinson's disease should therefore include recognition and assessment of non-motor symptoms. Certain aspects of the non-motor symptoms complex of Parkinson's disease can be improved with currently available treatments, but other features may be more refractory and require research into effective nondopaminergic drug therapies for the future.

    Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest (•) or of considerable interest (••) to readers.

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