Porous silicon nanoparticles for nanomedicine: preparation and biomedical applications

Papers of special note have been highlighted as:

•• of considerable interest

References

• 1 Cheng ZL, Al Zaki A, Hui JZ et al. Multifunctional nanoparticles: cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science 338, 903–910 (2012).•• Excellent evaluation of the potential value of targeting and imaging modalities in multifunctional nanoparticles.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2 Santos HA, Bimbo LM, Lehto VP et al. Multifunctional porous silicon for therapeutic drug delivery and imaging. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 8, 228–249 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3 Serda RE, Godin B, Blanco E et al. Multi-stage delivery nano-particle systems for therapeutic applications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1810 317–329 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 4 Duncan R, Gaspar R. Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope. Mol. Pharmceutics 8, 2101–2141 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 5 Blanco E, Hsiao A, Mann AP et al. Nanomedicine in cancer therapy: innovative trends and prospects. Cancer Sci. 102, 1247–1252 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 6 Lammers T, Kiessling F, Hennink WE, Storm G. Nanotheranostics and image-guided drug delivery: current concepts and future directions. Mol. Pharmceutics 7, 1899–1912 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 7 Huang H-C, Barua S, Sharma G et al. Inorganic nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. J. Control. Release 155, 344–357 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8 Lee DE, Koo H, Sun IC et al. Multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2656–2672 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 9 Wang C-F, Mäkilä EM, Kaasalainen MH et al. Copper-free azideealkyne cycloaddition of targeting peptides to porous silicon nanoparticles for intracellular drug uptake. Biomaterials 35(4), 1257–1266 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10 Santos HA, Bimbo LM, Herranz B et al. Nanostructured porous silicon in preclinical imaging: moving from bench to bedside. J. Mater. Res. 28, 152–164 (2013).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 11 Kinnari PJ, Hyvönen ML, Mäkilä EM et al. Tumour homing peptide-functionalized porous silicon nanovectors for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 34, 9134–9141 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12 Sarparanta M, Bimbo LM, Rytkönen J et al. Intravenous delivery of hydrophobin-functionalized porous silicon nanoparticles: stability, plasma protein adsorption and biodistribution. Mol. Pharmaceutics 9, 654–663 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13 Santos HA, Hirvonen J. Nanostructured porous silicon materials: potential candidates for improving drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond.) 7, 1281–1284 (2012).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 14 Bimbo LM, Sarparanta M, Mäkilä E et al. Cellular interactions of surface modified nanoporous silicon particles. Nanoscale 4, 3184–3192 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15 Santos HA, Salonen J, Bimbo LM et al. Mesoporous materials as controlled drug delivery formulations. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Tech. 21, 139–155 (2011).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 16 Limnell T, Santos HA, Mäkilä E et al. Drug delivery formulations of ordered and nonordered mesoporous silica: comparison of three drug loading methods. J. Pharm. Sci. 100, 3294–3306 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 17 Bimbo LM, Mäkilä E, Raula J et al. Functional hydrophobin-coating of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon microparticles. Biomaterials 32, 9089–9099 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18 Bimbo LM, Mäkilä E, Laaksonen T et al. Drug permeation across intestinal epithelial cells using porous silicon nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32, 2625–2633 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19 Meng H, Xing G, Blanco E et al. Gadolinium metallofullerenol nanoparticles inhibit cancer metastasis through matrix metalloproteinase inhibition: imprisoning instead of poisoning cancer cells. Nanomedicine 8, 136–146 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20 Godin B, Chiappini C, Srinivasan S et al. Discoidal porous silicon particles: fabrication and biodistribution in breast cancer bearing mice. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 4225–4235 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21 Godin B, Tasciotti E, Liu XW et al. Multistage nanovectors: from concept to novel imaging contrast agents and therapeutics. Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 979–989 (2011).•• Excellent work about the design and fabrication of multistage nanovectors for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22 Chiappini C, Tasciotti E, Serda RE et al. Mesoporous silicon particles as intravascular drug delivery vectors: fabrication, in-vitro, and in-vivo assessments. Phys. Status Solidi C 8, 1826–1832 (2011).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 23 Gu L, Hall DJ, Qin Z et al. In vivo time-gated fluorescence imaging with biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 4, 2326 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 24 Gu L, Ruff LE, Qin Z et al. Multivalent porous silicon nanoparticles enhance the immune activation potency of agonistic CD40 antibody. Adv. Mater. 24, 3981–3987 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 25 Wu EC, Andrew JS, Cheng L et al. Real-time monitoring of sustained drug release using the optical properties of porous silicon photonic crystal particles. Biomaterials 32, 1957–1966 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26 von Maltzahn G, Park JH, Lin KY et al. Nanoparticles that communicate in vivo to amplify tumour targeting. Nat. Mater. 10, 545–552 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27 Kinsella JM, Ananda S, Andrew JS et al. Enhanced magnetic resonance contrast of Fe3O4 nanoparticles trapped in a porous silicon nanoparticle host. Adv. Mater. 23, H248–H253 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 28 Gu L, Park JH, Duong KH et al. Magnetic luminescent porous silicon microparticles for localized delivery of molecular drug payloads. Small 6, 2546–2552 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 29 Park J-H, Gu L, von Maltzahn G, Ruoslahti E et al. Biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat. Mater. 8, 331–336 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30 Sarparanta MP, Bimbo LM, Mäkilä EM et al. The mucoadhesive and gastroretentive properties of hydrophobin-coated porous silicon nanoparticle oral drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 33, 3353–3362 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31 Salonen J, Kaukonen AM, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP. Mesoporous silicon in drug delivery applications. J. Pharm. Sci. 97, 632–653 (2008).•• Outstanding review reporting the methods of preparation and modification of porous silicon materials.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32 Shahbazi M-A, Herranz B, Santos HA. Nanostructured porous Si-based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Biomatter 2, 296–312 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 33 Kinnari P, Mäkilä E, Heikkilä T et al. Comparison of mesoporous silicon and non-ordered mesoporous silica materials as drug carriers for itraconazole. Int. J. Pharm. 414, 148–156 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34 Vallet-Regi M. Nanostructured mesoporous silica matrices in nanomedicine. J. Intern. Med. 267, 22–43 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 35 Vallet-Regi M. Ordered mesoporous materials in the context of drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering. Chemistry 12, 5934–5943 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36 Horcajada P, Rámila A, Pérez-Pariente J et al. Influence of pore size of MCM-41 matrices on drug delivery rate. Microporous Mesoporous Mater.68, 105–109 (2004).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 37 Vallet-Regi M, Rámila A, del Real RP, Pérez-Pariente J. A new property of MCM-41: Drug delivery system. Chem. Mater. 13, 308–311 (2000).
  Google Scholar
• 38 Salonen J, Laitinen L, Kaukonen AM et al. Mesoporous silicon microparticles for oral drug delivery: loading and release of five model drugs. J. Control. Release 108, 362–374 (2005).•• Pioneering work on drug loading and release testing with mesoporous silicon.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39 Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Salonen J et al. Enhanced in vitro permeation of furosemide loaded into thermally carbonized mesoporous silicon (TCPSi) microparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 66, 348–356 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 40 Shahbazi MA, Hamidi M, Mäkilä EM et al. The mechanisms of surface chemistry effects of mesoporous silicon nanoparticles on immunotoxicity and biocompatibility. Biomaterials 34, 7776–7789 (2013).•• Excellent article evaluating the immunotoxicity and biocompatility aspects of mesoporous silicon nanoparticles.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41 Bimbo LM, Peltonen L, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. Toxicological profile of therapeutic nanodelivery systems. Curr. Drug Metab. 13, 1068–1086 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42 Shahbazi MA, Santos HA. Improving oral absorption via drug-loaded nanocarriers: absorption mechanisms, intestinal models and rational fabrication. Curr. Drug Metab. 14, 28–56 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43 Wang F, Hui H, Barnes TJ, Barnett C, Prestidge CA. Oxidized mesoporous silicon microparticles for improved oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Mol. Pharmaceutics 7, 227–236 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 44 Kovalainen M, Mönkäre J, Kaasalainen M et al. Development of porous silicon nanocarriers for parenteral peptide delivery. Mol. Pharmaceutics 10, 353–359 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 45 Kovalainen M, Mönkäre J, Mäkilä E et al. Mesoporous silicon (PSi) for sustained peptide delivery: effect of PSi microparticle surface chemistry on peptide YY3–36 release. Pharm. Res. 29, 837–846 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 46 Kilpeläinen M, Mönkäre J, Vlasova MA et al. Nanostructured porous silicon microparticles enable sustained peptide (Melanotan II) delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 77, 20–25 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 47 Santos HA, Riikonen J, Salonen J et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of porous silicon microparticles: effect of the particle concentration, surface chemistry and size. Acta Biomater. 6, 2721–2731 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48 Bimbo LM, Sarparanta M, Santos HA et al. Biocompatibility of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon nanoparticles and their biodistribution in rats. ACS Nano 4, 3023–3032 (2010).•• Outstanding article demonstrating the biocompatibility of porous silicon nanoparticles and the radiolabelling of its surface for stable in vivo imaging.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 49 Vale N, Mäkilä E, Salonen J et al. New times, new trends for ethionamide: In vitro evaluation of drug-loaded thermally carbonized porous silicon microparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 81, 314–323 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 50 Tahvanainen M, Rotko T, Mäkilä E et al. Tablet preformulations of indomethacin-loaded mesoporous silicon microparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 422, 125–131 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51 Mäkilä E, Bimbo LM, Kaasalainen M et al. Amine-modification of thermally carbonized porous silicon with silane coupling chemistry. Langmuir 28, 14045–14054 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52 Uhlir A. Electrolytic shaping of germanium and silicon. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 35, 333–347 (1956).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 53 Turner DR. Electropolishing silicon in hydrofluoric acid solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 402–408 (1958).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 54 Watanabe Y, Sakai T. Application of a thick anode film to semiconductor devices. Rev. Elec. Commun. Lab. 19, 899 (1971).
  Google Scholar
• 55 Salonen J, Lehto V-P. Fabrication and chemical surface modification of mesoporous silicon for biomedical applications. Chem. Eng. J. 137, 162–172 (2008).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 56 Korotcenkov G, Cho BK. Silicon porosification: state of the art. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 35, 153–260 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 57 Lehmann V, Stengl R, Luigart A. On the morphology and the electrochemical formation mechanism of mesoporous silicon. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 69, 11–22 (2000).
  Google Scholar
• 58 Lehmann V, Luigart A, Corbel V. On the morphology and the electrochemical formation mechanism of mesoporous silicon. Proceed. Inter. Symp. Pits Pores 97, 132–139 (1997).
  Google Scholar
• 59 Lehto V-P, Salonen J, Santos HA, Riikonen J. Nanostructured silicon based materials as a drug delivery system for insoluble drugs. In: Drug Delivery Strategies for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Wiley-Blackwell, USA, 477–508 (2013).
  Google Scholar
• 60 Liu D, Mäkilä E, Zhang H et al. Nanostructured porous silicon-solid lipid nanocomposite: towards enhanced cytocompatibility and stability, reduced cellular association, and prolonged drug release. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 1893–1902 (2013).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 61 Liu D, Bimbo LM, Mäkilä E et al. Co-delivery of a hydrophobic small molecule and a hydrophilic peptide by porous silicon nanoparticles. J. Control. Release 170, 268–278 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62 Jane A, Dronov R, Hodges A, Voelcker NH. Porous silicon biosensors on the advance. Trends Biotechnol. 27, 230–239 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63 Vincent G. Optical properties of porous silicon superlattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2367–2369 (1994).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 64 Jalkanen T, Tuura J, Mäkilä E, Salonen J. Electro-optical porous silicon gas sensor with enhanced selectivity. Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 147, 100–104 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 65 Salonen J, Lehto VP, Laine E. The room temperature oxidation of porous silicon. Appl. Surf. Sci. 120, 191–198 (1997).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 66 Secret E, Smith K, Dubljevic V et al. Antibody-functionalized porous silicon nanoparticles for vectorization of hydrophobic drugs. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2, 718–727 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 67 Wu EC, Andrew JS, Buyanin A et al. Suitability of porous silicon microparticles for the long-term delivery of redox-active therapeutics. Chem. Comm. 47, 5699–5701 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68 Riikonen J, Salomäki M, van Wonderen J et al. Surface chemistry, reactivity, and pore structure of porous silicon oxidized by various methods. Langmuir 28, 10573–10583 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 69 Salonen J, Lehto VP, Björkqvist M et al. Studies of thermally-carbonized porous silicon surfaces. Phys. Status Solidi A 182, 123–126 (2000).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 70 Salonen J, Björkqvist M, Laine E, Niinistö L. Stabilization of porous silicon surface by thermal decomposition of acetylene. Appl. Surf. Sci. 225, 389–394 (2004).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 71 Björkqvist M, Salonen J, Laine E, Niinistö L. Comparison of stabilizing treatments on porous silicon for sensor applications. Phys. Status Solidi A 197, 374–377 (2003).
  Google Scholar
• 72 Jarvis KL, Barnes TJ, Prestidge CA. Surface chemistry of porous silicon and implications for drug encapsulation and delivery applications. Adv. Colloid Inter. Sci. 175, 25–38 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73 Pap AE, Kordás K, George TF, Leppävuori S. Thermal oxidation of porous silicon: study on reaction kinetics. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 12744–12747 (2004).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 74 Sweetman MJ, Shearer CJ, Shapter JG, Voelcker NH. Dual silane surface functionalization for the selective attachment of human neuronal cells to porous silicon. Langmuir 27, 9497–9503 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 75 Mann AP, Tanaka T, Somasunderam A et al. E-selectin-targeted porous silicon particle for nanoparticle delivery to the bone marrow. Adv. Mater. 23, H278–H282 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 76 Serda RE, Mack A, Pulikkathara M et al. Cellular association and assembly of a multistage delivery system. Small 6, 1329–1340 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 77 Park JS, Kinsella JM, Jandial DD et al. Cisplatin-loaded porous Si microparticles capped by electroless deposition of platinum. Small 7, 2061–2069 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 78 Mawhinney DB, Glass JA, Yates JT. FTIR study of the oxidation of porous silicon. J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 1202–1206 (1997).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 79 Jarvis KL, Barnes TJ, Prestidge CA. Thermal oxidation for controlling protein interactions with porous silicon. Langmuir 26, 14316–14322 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80 Buriak JM, Stewart MP, Geders TW et al. Lewis acid mediated hydrosilylation on porous silicon surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 11491–11502 (1999).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 81 Huck LA, Buriak JM. Toward a mechanistic understanding of exciton-mediated hydrosilylation on nanocrystalline silicon. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 489–497 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 82 Guan B, Ciampi S, Le Saux G et al. Different functionalization of the internal and external surfaces in mesoporous materials for biosensing applications using ‘click’ chemistry. Langmuir 27, 328–334 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 83 Guan B, Ciampi S, Luais E et al. Depth-resolved chemical modification of porous silicon by wavelength-tuned irradiation. Langmuir 28, 15444–15449 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 84 Buriak JM. Silicon-carbon bonds on porous silicon surfaces. Adv. Mater. 11, 265–267 (1999).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 85 Sam S, Touahir L, Salvador AJ et al. Semiquantitative study of the EDC/NHS activation of acid terminal groups at modified porous silicon surfaces. Langmuir 26, 809–814 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 86 Ciampi S, Guan B, Darwish N et al. Redox-active monolayers in mesoporous silicon. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 16080–16088 (2012).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 87 Lees IN, Lin H, Canaria CA et al. Chemical stability of porous silicon surfaces electrochemically modified with functional alkyl species. Langmuir 19, 9812–9817 (2003).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 88 Wu EC, Park J-H, Park J et al. Oxidation-triggered release of fluorescent molecules or drugs from mesoporous Si microparticles. ACS Nano 2, 2401–2409 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89 Sciacca B, Alvarez SD, Geobaldo F, Sailor MJ. Bioconjugate functionalization of thermally carbonized porous silicon using a radical coupling reaction. Dalton Trans. 39, 10847–10853 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 90 Jalkanen T, Mäkilä E, Suzuki YI et al. Studies on chemical modification of porous silicon-based graded-index optical microcavities for improved stability under alkaline conditions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 3890–3898 (2012).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 91 Sarparanta M, Mäkilä E, Heikkilä T et al. ¹⁸F-labeled modified porous silicon particles for investigation of drug delivery carrier distribution in vivo with positron emission tomography. Mol. Pharmaceutics 8, 1799–1806 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 92 Canham LT. Bioactive silicon structure fabrication through nanoetching techniques. Adv. Mater. 7, 1033–1037 (1995).•• One of the key articles with regards to manufacture, modifications, and biocompatibility of porous silicon materials.
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 93 Foraker AB, Walczak RJ, Cohen MH et al. Microfabricated porous silicon particles enhance paracellular delivery of insulin across intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm. Res. 20, 110–116 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 94 Schwartz MP, Yu C, Alvarez SD et al. Using an oxidized porous silicon interferometer for determination of relative protein binding affinity through non-covalent capture probe immobilization. Phys. Status Solidi A 204, 1444–1448 (2007).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 95 Pastor E, Matveeva E, Valle-Gallego A et al. Protein delivery based on uncoated and chitosan-coated mesoporous silicon microparticles. Colloid Surf. B 88, 601–609 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 96 Anderson SHC, Elliott H, Wallis DJ et al. Dissolution of different forms of partially porous silicon wafers under simulated physiological conditions. Phys. Status Solidi A 197, 331–335 (2003).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 97 Sam S, Chazalviel JN, Gouget-Laemmel AC et al. Covalent immobilization of amino acids on the porous silicon surface. Surf. Inter. Anal. 42, 515–518 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 98 Limnell T, Riikonen J, Salonen J et al. Surface chemistry and pore size affect carrier properties of mesoporous silicon microparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 343, 141–147 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 99 Hu CM, Aryal S, Zhang L. Nanoparticle-assisted combination therapies for effective cancer treatment. Ther. Deliv. 1, 323–334 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 100 Zhang H, Wang G, Yang H. Drug delivery systems for differential release in combination therapy. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 8, 171–190 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 101 Laaksonen T, Santos H, Vihola H et al. Failure of MTT as a toxicity testing agent for mesoporous silicon microparticles. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20, 1913–1918 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 102 Gultepe E, Nagesha D, Sridhar S, Amiji M. Nanoporous inorganic membranes or coatings for sustained drug delivery in implantable devices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 305–315 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 103 Canham L. Biomedical applications of porous silicon. In: Properties of Porous Silicon. Canham L (Ed.). INSPEC, London, UK, 416 (1997).
  Google Scholar
• 104 Bimbo LM, Denisova OV, Mäkilä E et al. Inhibition of influenza a virus infection in vitro by saliphenylhalamide-loaded porous silicon nanoparticles. ACS Nano 7, 6884–6893 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 105 Tanaka T, Mangala LS, Vivas-Mejia PE et al. Sustained small interfering RNA delivery by mesoporous silicon particles. Cancer Res. 70, 3687–3696 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 106 Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat. Med. 9, 123–128 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 107 Hong C, Lee J, Zheng H, Hong SS, Lee C. Porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer photothermotherapy. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6, 321 (2011).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 108 Hong C, Lee J, Son M, Hong SS, Lee C. In-vivo cancer cell destruction using porous silicon nanoparticles. Anticancer Drugs 22, 971–977 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 109 Godin B, Gu JH, Serda RE et al. Tailoring the degradation kinetics of mesoporous silicon structures through PEGylation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 94A, 1236–1243 (2010).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 110 Huhtala T, Rytkönen J, Jalanko A et al. Native and complexed IGF-1: biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J. Drug Deliv. 2012, 626417 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 111 Rytkönen J, Miettinen R, Kaasalainen M et al. Functionalization of mesoporous silicon nanoparticles for targeting and bioimaging purposes. J. Nanomater. 2012, (2012).
  Google Scholar
• 112 Kim TH, Lee S, Chen X. Nanotheranostics for personalized medicine. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 13, 257–269 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 113 Choi KY, Liu G, Lee S, Chen X. Theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy: current approaches and future perspectives. Nanoscale 4, 330–342 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 114 Cho K, Wang X, Nie S et al. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 1310–1316 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 115 Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 161–171 (2005).•• Excellent review article summarizing the challenges and unmet needs for novel nanomaterials in cancer treatment.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 116 De Angelis F, Pujia A, Falcone C et al. Water soluble nanoporous nanoparticle for in vivo targeted drug delivery and controlled release in B cells tumor context. Nanoscale 2, 2230–2236 (2010).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar