We use cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to browse this site, you accept our cookie policy.×
Skip main navigation
Aging Health
Bioelectronics in Medicine
Biomarkers in Medicine
Breast Cancer Management
CNS Oncology
Colorectal Cancer
Concussion
Epigenomics
Future Cardiology
Future Medicine AI
Future Microbiology
Future Neurology
Future Oncology
Future Rare Diseases
Future Virology
Hepatic Oncology
HIV Therapy
Immunotherapy
International Journal of Endocrine Oncology
International Journal of Hematologic Oncology
Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine
Lung Cancer Management
Melanoma Management
Nanomedicine
Neurodegenerative Disease Management
Pain Management
Pediatric Health
Personalized Medicine
Pharmacogenomics
Regenerative Medicine

Correlation analysis of HHV-6A viral load and anti-TPO antibody levels in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

    Noorossadat Seyyedi

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Fariba Esfandiyari

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University Shiraz branch, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Gholamreza Rafiei Dehbidi

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Ali Farhadi

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Farahnaz Zare

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Sepide Namdari

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Golrokh Bahmani

    Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Banafsheh Rastegari

    **Author for correspondence: Tel.: +98 71 32270301;

    E-mail Address: brastegari@sums.ac.ir

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    ,
    Farzaneh Zarghampoor

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    &
    Abbas Behzad-Behbahani

    *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +98 71 32270301;

    E-mail Address: behzadba@sums.ac.ir

    Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Published Online:https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2022-0194

    Aim: This study investigated the correlation between anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody levels and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) viral load as triggers for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Materials & methods: The study included 60 HT patients, 60 patients with non-autoimmune thyroid disease, and 60 subjects with normal thyroid function. HHV-6 viral loads in serum samples were detected using real-time PCR. Results: A significant correlation was found between the increase in viral load and increased levels of anti-TPO antibodies in serum samples from HT patients (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of HHV-6A in the onset of HT, with the goal of identifying improved treatment options for affected individuals.

    Plain language summary

    Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. HT mainly affects the thyroid gland. This study aimed to find out if there is a relationship between a type of herpesvirus, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and the number of immune cells against a protein in the thyroid gland, thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), with the development of HT. The study included 60 patients with HT, 60 patients with non-autoimmune thyroid disease and 60 subjects with normal thyroid function. The results showed that there was a relationship between the presence of HHV-6 and anti-TPO in HT patients. This suggests that HHV-6 plays a role in the development of HT.

    Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

    References

    • 1. Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G et al. Hashimotos' thyroiditis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 33(6), 101367 (2019). • This article provided me with an understanding of the clinical characteristics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the underlying mechanisms of the disease.
    • 2. Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose N. Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria. Autoimmun. Rev. 13(4-5), 391–397 (2014).
    • 3. De Luca R, Davis PJ, Lin H-Y et al. Thyroid hormones interaction with immune response, inflammation and non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. Front Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 614030 (2021).
    • 4. Wenzek C, Boelen A, Westendorf AM, Engel DR, Moeller LC, Führer D. The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system-where we stand and why we need to know about it. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 186(5), R65–R77 (2022).
    • 5. Shukla SK, Singh G, Ahmad S, Pant P. Infections, genetic and environmental factors in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Microb. Pathog. 116, 279–288 (2018).
    • 6. Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Ragusa F et al. Graves' disease: epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors and viruses. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34(1), 101387 (2020).
    • 7. Knack RS, Hanada T, Knack RS, Mayr K. Hashimoto's thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMJ Case Rep. 14(8), e244909 (2021).
    • 8. Heidari Z, Jami M. Parvovirus B19 infection is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in adults. Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 19(4), e115592 (2021).
    • 9. Seyyedi N, Dehbidi GR, Karimi M et al. Human herpesvirus 6A active infection in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Braz J. Infect Dis. 23, 435–440 (2020). •• This article assisted us in formulating a project aimed at addressing unanswered questions.
    • 10. Kochman J, Jakubczyk K, Bargiel P, Janda-Milczarek K. The influence of oxidative stress on thyroid diseases. Antioxidants 10(9), 1442 (2021).
    • 11. Ates I, Arikan MF, Altay M et al. The effect of oxidative stress on the progression of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 124(4), 351–356 (2018).
    • 12. Thomas G. Radiation and thyroid cancer–an overview. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 182(1), 53–57 (2018).
    • 13. Abdullah MI, Junit SM, Ng KL, Jayapalan JJ, Karikalan B, Hashim OH. Papillary thyroid cancer: genetic alterations and molecular biomarker investigations. Int. J. Medical Sci. 16(3), 450 (2019).
    • 14. Hwangbo Y, Park YJ. Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune thyroid diseases, thyroid function, and thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab. 33(2), 175–184 (2018).
    • 15. Tirrò E, Martorana F, Romano C et al. Molecular alterations in thyroid cancer: from bench to clinical practice. Genes 10(9), 709 (2019).
    • 16. Sultanova A, Cistjakovs M, Gravelsina S et al. Association of active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection with autoimmune thyroid gland diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 23(1), 50.e51–50.e55 (2017). •• This article is a highly valuable research study that sheds light on the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in autoimmune thyroid gland diseases. It provided us with insight into the potential involvement of the virus in the development and advancement of the disease.
    • 17. Thomas D, Liakos V, Michou V et al. Detection of herpes virus DNA in post-operative thyroid tissue specimens of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 116(1), 35–39 (2008).
    • 18. Broccolo F, Fusetti L, Ceccherini-Nelli L. Possible role of human herpesvirus 6 as a trigger of autoimmune disease. Sci. World J. 2013, 867389 (2013). •• This review article explored the involvement of HHV-6A/B in various autoimmune disorders (ADs), such as multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune connective tissue diseases, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The article highlighted how HHV-6A/B may initiate autoimmunity by releasing significant quantities of cell antigens that are typically concealed, through the lysis of infected cells.
    • 19. Ablashi D, Agut H, Alvarez-Lafuente R et al. Classification of HHV-6A and HHV-6B as distinct viruses. Arch. Virol. 159(5), 863–870 (2014).
    • 20. Ongrádi J, Ablashi DV, Yoshikawa T, Stercz B, Ogata M. Roseolovirus-associated encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. J. Neurovirol. 23(1), 1–19 (2017).
    • 21. Endo A, Watanabe K, Ohye T et al. Molecular and virological evidence of viral activation from chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6A in a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin. Infect. Dis. 59(4), 545–548 (2014).
    • 22. Voumvourakis K, Fragkou P, Kitsos D, Foska K, Chondrogianni M, Tsiodras S. Human herpesvirus 6 infection as a trigger of multiple sclerosis: an update of recent literature. BMC Neurol. 22(1), 1–11 (2022). • This article underscores the necessity for additional objective, evidence-based investigation into the correlation between HHV-6 infection and multiple sclerosis. As both multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are autoimmune diseases, the information presented in this article aided us in interpreting certain outcomes of our study.
    • 23. Lundström W, Gustafsson R. Human Herpesvirus 6A Is a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol. 13, 840753 (2022).
    • 24. Takano K, Ogata M, Kawano R, Satou T, Nashimoto Y, Shirao K. Comparison of HHV-6 DNA detection in plasma and whole blood in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: frequent false-positive results for active HHV-6 infection using whole blood samples. Int. J. Hematol. 108(5), 535–542 (2018). • Acquiring knowledge of the techniques used to detect HHV-6 DNA in clinical samples is crucial. We utilized this article to create protocols for detecting the virus.
    • 25. Mostafaei S, Keshavarz M, Nahand JS et al. Viral infections and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and empirical Bayesian meta-analysis. Pathol. Res. Pract. 216(4), 152855 (2020).
    • 26. Nagata K, Hayashi K. Epstein–Barr virus reactivation-induced immunoglobulin production: significance on autoimmunity. Microorganisms 8(12), 1875 (2020).
    • 27. Scappaticcio L, Pitoia F, Esposito K, Piccardo A, Trimboli P. Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 22(4), 803–815 (2021).
    • 28. Smatti MK, Cyprian FS, Nasrallah GK, Al Thani AA, Almishal RO, Yassine HM. Viruses and autoimmunity: a review on the potential interaction and molecular mechanisms. Viruses 11(8), 762 (2019).
    • 29. Sultanova A, Cistjakovs M, Sokolovska L, Cunskis E, Murovska M. Investigation of the involvement of HHV-6 encoded viral chemokine receptors in autoimmune thyroiditis development. Microbiol Spectr. 10(3), e0236921 (2022). • In the discussion section of our study, we cited this article to elucidate some potential molecular mechanisms by which HHV-6 may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis.
    • 30. Sultanova A, Cistjakovs M, Sokolovska L, Todorova K, Cunskis E, Murovska M. HHV-6 infection and chemokine RANTES signaling pathway disturbance in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Viruses 12(6), 689 (2020). • Once again, this article was of significant interest to us, as it highlighted one of the key molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HHV-6. We incorporated this information into the discussion section of our study.
    • 31. Thaper D, Prabha V. Molecular mimicry: an explanation for autoimmune diseases and infertility. Scand. J. Immunol. 88(2), e12697 (2018).
    • 32. Zarghampoor F, Behzad-Behbahani A, Azarpira N et al. A single tube overlap extension PCR method for splicing of multiple DNA fragments. Avicenna. J. Med. Biotechnol. 12(1), 37 (2020).