Enteral nutrition in esophageal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy: a Chinese expert consensus 2018

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

• 1 Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin. 65(2), 87–108 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 2 Chen W, Sun K, Zheng R et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2014. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 30(1), 1–12 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 3 Bozzetti F, Mariani L, Lo Vullo S et al. The nutritional risk in oncology: a study of 1,453 cancer outpatients. Support Care Cancer 20(8), 1919–1928 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4 Heneghan HM, Zaborowski A, Fanning M et al. Prospective study of malabsorption and malnutrition after esophageal and gastric cancer surgery. Ann. Surg. 262(5), 803–807; discussion 807–808 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5 Bozzetti F, Group SW. Screening the nutritional status in oncology: a preliminary report on 1,000 outpatients. Support Care Cancer 17(3), 279–284 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 6 Rietveld SCM, Witvliet-Van Nierop JE, Ottens-Oussoren K, Van Der Peet DL, De Van Der Schueren MAE. The prediction of deterioration of nutritional status during chemoradiation therapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Nutr. Cancer 70(2), 229–235 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 7 Toyokawa T, Kubo N, Tamura T et al. The pretreatment Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score is an independent prognostic factor in patients with resectable thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 16, 722 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 8 Van Cutsem E, Arends J. The causes and consequences of cancer-associated malnutrition. Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs. 9(Suppl. 2), S51–S63 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9 Clavier JB, Antoni D, Atlani D et al. Baseline nutritional status is prognostic factor after definitive radiochemotherapy for esophageal cancer. Dis. Esophagus 27(6), 560–567 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10 Di Fiore F, Lecleire S, Pop D et al. Baseline nutritional status is predictive of response to treatment and survival in patients treated by definitive chemoradiotherapy for a locally advanced esophageal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102(11), 2557–2563 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 11 Cong MH, Li SL, Cheng GW et al. An interdisciplinary nutrition support team improves clinical and hospitalized outcomes of esophageal cancer patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Chin. Med. J. 128(22), 3003–3007 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12 Lyu JH, Li T, Zhu GY et al. Influence of enteral nutrition on nutritional status, treatment toxicities, and short-term outcomes in esophageal carcinoma patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy: a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study (NCT 02399306). Chin. J. Radiat. Oncol. 27(1), 44–48 (2018). •• First multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trials confirmed the effects of enteral nutrition on nutritional status and prognosis in esophageal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
  Google Scholar
• 13 Mak M, Bell K, Ng W, Lee M. Nutritional status, management and clinical outcomes in patients with esophageal and gastro-oesophageal cancers: a descriptive study. Nutr. Diet. 74(3), 229–235 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 14 Odelli C, Burgess D, Bateman L et al. Nutrition support improves patient outcomes, treatment tolerance and admission characteristics in oesophageal cancer. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 17(8), 639–645 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15 Cox S, Powell C, Carter B, Hurt C, Mukherjee S, Crosby TD. Role of nutritional status and intervention in oesophageal cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy: outcomes from SCOPE1. Br. J. Cancer 115(2), 172–177 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16 Isenring E, Elia M. Which screening method is appropriate for older cancer patients at risk for malnutrition? Nutrition 31(4), 594–597 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 17 Ye XJ, Ji YB, Ma BW et al. Comparison of three common nutritional screening tools with the new European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) criteria for malnutrition among patients with geriatric gastrointestinal cancer: a prospective study in China. BMJ Open 8(4), e019750 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 18 Orell-Kotikangas H, Osterlund P, Saarilahti K, Ravasco P, Schwab U, Makitie AA. NRS-2002 for pre-treatment nutritional risk screening and nutritional status assessment in head and neck cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 23(6), 1495–1502 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 19 Guo XW, Liu YC, Gao F et al. Pretreatment NRS-2002 scores combined with hematologic inflammation markers are independent prognostic factors in patients with resectable thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag. Res. 10, 2409–2418 (2018).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20 Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin. Nutr. 36(1), 11–48 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 21 Pan P, Tao G, Sun X. Subjective global assessment and prealbumin levels of esophageal cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Nutr. Hosp. 31(5), 2167–2173 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22 Jager-Wittenaar H, Ottery FD. Assessing nutritional status in cancer: role of the Patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 20(5), 322–329 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 23 Isenring E, Bauer J, Capra S. The scored Patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and its association with quality of life in ambulatory patients receiving radiotherapy. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57(2), 305–309 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 24 Ottery FD. Definition of standardized nutritional assessment and interventional pathways in oncology. Nutrition 12(1 Suppl.), S15–S19 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 25 Persson C, Sjoden PO, Glimelius B. The Swedish version of the Patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment of nutritional status: gastrointestinal vs urological cancers. Clin. Nutr. 18(2), 71–77 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26 Quyen TC, Angkatavanich J, Thuan TV, Xuan VV, Tuyen LD, Tu DA. Nutrition assessment and its relationship with performance and Glasgow prognostic scores in Vietnamese patients with esophageal cancer. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 26(1), 49–58 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 27 Um MH, Choi MY, Lee SM, Lee IJ, Lee CG, Park YK. Intensive nutritional counseling improves PG-SGA scores and nutritional symptoms during and after radiotherapy in Korean cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 22(11), 2997–3005 (2014). • Randomized study demonstrates the value of nutritional counseling for esophageal cancer patients during and after radiotherapy.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 28 Shi HP, Zhao QC, Wang QH et al. Three stage diagnosis of malnutrition. Chin. J. Oncol. Prev. Treat 7(5), 313–319 (2015).
  Google Scholar
• 29 Isenring EA, Bauer JD, Capra S. Nutrition support using the American Dietetic Association medical nutrition therapy protocol for radiation oncology patients improves dietary intake compared with standard practice. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 107(3), 404–412 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30 Xu YJ, Cheng JC, Lee JM, Huang PM, Huang GH, Chen CC. A walk-and-eat intervention improves outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncologist 20(10), 1216–1222 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 31 Poulsen GM, Pedersen LL, Østerlind K et al. Randomized trial of the effects of individual nutritional counseling in cancer patients. Clin. Nutr. 33(5), 749–753 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 32 Jordan T, Mastnak DM, Palamar N, Kozjek NR. Nutritional therapy for patients with esophageal cancer. Nutr. Cancer 70(1), 23–29 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 33 Bozzetti F, Arends J, Lundholm K et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin. Nutr. 28(4), 445–454 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34 Cong MH, Cheng GW, Shu-Luan LI. The effect of tube feeding on esophageal cancer patients with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. China Cancer 23(12), 1029–1033 (2014).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 35 Miller KR, Bozeman MC. Nutrition therapy issues in esophageal cancer. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 14(4), 356–366 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 36 Panagiotakis PH, Disario JA, Hilden K, Ogara M, Fang JC. DPEJ tube placement prevents aspiration pneumonia in high-risk patients. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23(2), 172–175 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 37 Blomberg J, Lagergren J, Martin L, Mattsson F, Lagergren P. Complications after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a prospective study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 47(6), 737–742 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 38 Keung EZ, Liu X, Nuzhad A, Rabinowits G, Patel V. In-hospital and long-term outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with malignancy. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 215(6), 777–786 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 39 National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in oncology: esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. V.1.2017 (2017). www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/esophageal.pdf.
  Google Scholar
• 40 Sousa AL, Sousa D, Velasco F, Acucena F, Lopes A, Guerreiro H. Rare complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: ostomy metastasis of esophageal carcinoma. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 5(11), 204–206 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 41 Cappell MS. Risk factors and risk reduction of malignant seeding of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy track from pharyngoesophageal malignancy: a review of all 44 known reported cases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102(6), 1307–1311 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 42 Ellrichmann M, Sergeev P, Bethge J et al. Prospective evaluation of malignant cell seeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with oropharyngeal/esophageal cancers. Endoscopy 45(7), 526–531 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43 Volkmer K, Meyer T, Sailer M, Fein M. Implantation of an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma at the site of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Endoscopy 39(Suppl. 1), e240–e241 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 44 Pisano G, Calò PG, Tatti A et al. Surgical gastrostomy when percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is not feasible: indications, results and comparison between the two procedures. Chir. Ital. 60(2), 261–266 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 45 Mãodeferro S, Serrano M, Ferreira S et al. Stents in patients with esophageal cancer before chemoradiotherapy: high risk of complications and no impact on the nutritional status. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 70(3), 409 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 46 Yu FJ, Shih HY, Wu CY et al. Enteral nutrition and quality of life in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma: a comparison of nasogastric tube, esophageal stent, and ostomy tube feeding. Gastrointest. Endosc. 88(1), 21–31 e24 (2018).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 47 Jones CM, Griffiths EA. Should oesophageal stents be used before neo-adjuvant therapy to treat dysphagia in patients awaiting oesophagectomy? Best evidence topic (BET). Int. J. Surg. 12(11), 1172–1180 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 48 Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 48(10), 939–948 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 49 Roza AM, Shizgal HM. The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40(1), 168–182 (1984).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 50 Amirkalali B, Hosseini S, Heshmat R, Larijani B. Comparison of Harris Benedict and Mifflin–St Jeor equations with indirect calorimetry in evaluating resting energy expenditure. Indian J. Med. Sci. 62(7), 283–290 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 51 Wu J, Huang C, Xiao H et al. Weight loss and resting energy expenditure in male patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer. Nutrition 29(11–12), 1310–1314 (2013).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 52 Ceolin Alves AL, Zuconi CP, Correia MI. Energy expenditure in patients with esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 40(4), 499–506 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 53 Langius JA, Kruizenga HM, Uitdehaag BM et al. Resting energy expenditure in head and neck cancer patients before and during radiotherapy. Clin. Nutr. 31(4), 549–554 (2012).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 54 Rathmell JC, Fox CJ, Plas DR, Hammerman PS, Cinalli RM, Thompson CB. Akt-directed glucose metabolism can prevent Bax conformation change and promote growth factor-independent survival. Mol. Cell Biol. 23(20), 7315–7328 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 55 Han H, Li W, Shen H, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Li Y. microRNA-129-5p, a c-Myc negative target, affects hepatocellular carcinoma progression by blocking the Warburg effect. J. Mol. Cell Biol. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjw010 (2016) (Epub ahead of print).
  Google Scholar
• 56 Ho VW, Leung K, Hsu A et al. A low carbohydrate, high protein diet slows tumor growth and prevents cancer initiation. Cancer Res. 71(13), 4484–4493 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 57 Fietkau R, Lewitzki V, Kuhnt T et al. A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Cancer 119(18), 3343–3353 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58 Minami Y, Miyata H, Doki Y et al. Omega-3 fatty acid-containing diet (Racol) reduces toxicity of chemoradiation therapy for patients with esophageal cancer. Gan. To. Kagaku. Ryoho. 35(3), 437–440 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59 Cong M, Song C, Zou B et al. Impact of glutamine, eicosapntemacnioc acid, branched-chain amino acid supplements on nutritional status and treatment compliance of esophageal cancer patients on concurrent chemoradiotherapy and gastric cancer patients on chemotherapy. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95(10), 766–769 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 60 Vasson MP, Talvas J, Perche O et al. Immunonutrition improves functional capacities in head and neck and esophageal cancer patients undergoing radiochemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 33(2), 204–210 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 61 Sunpaweravong S, Puttawibul P, Ruangsin S et al. Randomized study of antiinflammatory and immune-modulatory effects of enteral immunonutrition during concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Nutr. Cancer 66(1), 1–5 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62 De Aguiar Pastore Silva J, Emilia De Souza Fabre M, Waitzberg DL. Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: a systematic review. Clin. Nutr. 34(3), 359–366 (2015). •• Meta-analysis proved the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplements in patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy on different outcomes, being the preservation of body composition the most evident.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 63 Shi HP. Efficacy evaluation of nutrition therapy. Electron J. Metab. Nutr. Cancer 4(4), 364–370 (2017).
  Google Scholar
• 64 Gramlich L, Hurt RT, Jin J, Mundi MS. Home enteral nutrition: towards a standard of care. Nutrients 10(8), 1020 (2018).
  Google Scholar
• 65 Schattner M, Barrera R, Nygard S et al. Clinical research: outcome of home enteral nutrition in patients with malignant dysphagia. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 16(5), 292–295 (2001).
  Google Scholar
• 66 Hebuterne X, Bozzetti F, Moreno Villares JM et al. Home enteral nutrition in adults: a European multicentre survey. Clin. Nutr. 22(3), 261–266 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 67 Strollo BP, McClave SA, Miller KR. Complications of home enteral nutrition: mechanical complications and access issues in the home setting. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 32(6), 723–729 (2017).
  Google Scholar