CD59: a promising target for tumor immunotherapy

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

• 1 Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin. 65(2), 87–108 (2015). • Indicates the current situation that cancer is a severe public health problem and the urgency of cancer treatment.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 2 Fong L, Small EJ. Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 antibody: the first in an emerging class of immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(32), 5275–5283 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3 Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 366(26), 2443–2454 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 4 Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M. The complement system and innate immunity. In: Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5th Edition). Garland Science, NY, USA (2001).
  Google Scholar
• 5 Davies A, Simmons DL, Hale G et al. CD59, an LY-6-like protein expressed in human lymphoid cells, regulates the action of the complement membrane attack complex on homologous cells. J. Exp. Med. 170(3), 637–654 (1989).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 6 Rollins SA, Zhao J, Ninomiya H, Sims PJ. Inhibition of homologous complement by CD59 is mediated by a species-selective recognition conferred through binding to C8 within C5b-8 or C9 within C5b-9. J. Immunol. 146(7), 2345–2351 (1991). • Describes the discovery and history of CD59. Talks about the traditional function as the inhibitor of membrane attack complex.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 7 Watson NF, Durrant LG, Madjd Z, Ellis IO, Scholefield JH, Spendlove I. Expression of the membrane complement regulatory protein CD59 (protectin) is associated with reduced survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 55(8), 973–980 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8 Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Popek S, Sawicki K, Wolinska E, Czajka M, Skrzypczak M. Effect of IL-6 and IL-8 on the expression of the complement activation inhibitors MAC-inhibitory protein and decay-accelerating factor in ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Oncol. Lett. 12(2), 1507–1512 (2016).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9 Goswami MT, Reka AK, Kurapati H et al. Regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity by TGF-β-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 35(15), 1888–1898 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 10 Chen J, Ding P, Li L et al. CD59 regulation by SOX2 is required for epithelial cancer stem cells to evade complement surveillance. Stem Cell Reports 8(1), 140–151 (2017).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 11 Sandim V, Pereira Dde A, Kalume DE et al. Proteomic analysis reveals differentially secreted proteins in the urine from patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol. Oncol. 34(1), 5.e11–5.e25 (2016).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 12 Abdullah-Soheimi SS, Lim BK, Hashim OH, Shuib AS. Patients with ovarian carcinoma excrete different altered levels of urine CD59, kininogen-1 and fragments of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 and albumin. Proteome Sci. 8, 58 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13 Weeks ME, Hariharan D, Petronijevic L et al. Analysis of the urine proteome in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2(7–8), 1047–1057 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14 Sui ZH, Li MF, Sun L. Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) CD59: a complement inhibitor that binds bacterial cells and promotes bacterial escape from the killing of fish serum. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 58, 442–448 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15 Chen S, Caragine T, Cheung NK, Tomlinson S. CD59 expressed on a tumor cell surface modulates decay-accelerating factor expression and enhances tumor growth in a rat model of human neuroblastoma. Cancer Res. 60(11), 3013–3018 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16 Cui W, Zhao Y, Shan C et al. HBXIP upregulates CD46, CD55 and CD59 through ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling to protect breast cancer cells from complement attack. FEBS Lett. 586(6), 766–771 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 17 Li B, Lin H, Fan J et al. CD59 is overexpressed in human lung cancer and regulates apoptosis of human lung cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol. 43(3), 850–858 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18 Korty PE, Brando C, Shevach EM. CD59 functions as a signal-transducing molecule for human T cell activation. J. Immunol. 146(12), 4092–4098 (1991).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19 Longhi MP, Sivasankar B, Omidvar N, Morgan BP, Gallimore A. Cutting edge: murine CD59a modulates antiviral CD4⁺ T cell activity in a complement-independent manner. J. Immunol. 175(11), 7098–7102 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20 Li Q, Nacion K, Bu H, Lin F. Mouse CD4⁺ CD25⁺ T regulatory cells are protected from autologous complement mediated injury by Crry and CD59. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 382(1), 223–226 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21 Sivasankar B, Longhi MP, Gallagher KM et al. CD59 blockade enhances antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cell responses in humans: a new target for cancer immunotherapy? J. Immunol. 182(9), 5203–5207 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22 Xie XH, Gao MH, Zhang B, Wang MJ, Wang J. Post-transcriptional CD59 gene silencing by siRNAs induces enhanced human T lymphocyte response to tumor cell lysate-loaded DCs. Cell. Immunol. 274(1–2), 1–11 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 23 Lipp AM, Juhasz K, Paar C et al. Lck mediates signal transmission from CD59 to the TCR/CD3 pathway in Jurkat T cells. PLoS ONE 9(1), e85934 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 24 Martinez FO, Helming L, Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27, 451–483 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 25 Philbrick WM, Palfree RG, Maher SE, Bridgett MM, Sirlin S, Bothwell AL. The CD59 antigen is a structural homologue of murine Ly-6 antigens but lacks interferon inducibility. Eur. J. Immunol. 20(1), 87–92 (1990).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26 Yokoi K, Godin B, Oborn CJ et al. Porous silicon nanocarriers for dual targeting tumor associated endothelial cells and macrophages in stroma of orthotopic human pancreatic cancers. Cancer Lett. 334(2), 319–327 (2013). •• Shows the function of CD59 on cancers and the application. CD59 could be a target for tumor immunotherapy.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27 Luo C, Chen M, Madden A, Xu H. Expression of complement components and regulators by different subtypes of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Inflammation 35(4), 1448–1461 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 28 Olsson A, Nakhle J, Sundstedt A et al. Tasquinimod triggers an early change in the polarization of tumor associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. J. Immunother. Cancer 3, 53 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 29 Miura K, Ishioka M, Minami S et al. Toll-like receptor 4 on macrophage promotes the development of steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 291(22), 11504–11517 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30 Movahedi K, Laoui D, Gysemans C et al. Different tumor microenvironments contain functionally distinct subsets of macrophages derived from Ly6C(high) monocytes. Cancer Res. 70(14), 5728–5739 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31 Chen J, Yang J, Jiang J, Zhuang Y, He W. Function and subsets of dendritic cells and natural killer cells were decreased in gastric cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 7(11), 8304–8311 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 32 Peng LS, Zhang JY, Teng YS et al. Tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages impair NK-cell function via TGFβ1 in human gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol. Res. 5(3), 248–256 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 33 Marcenaro E, Augugliaro R, Falco M et al. CD59 is physically and functionally associated with natural cytotoxicity receptors and activates human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Immunol. 33(12), 3367–3376 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34 Omidvar N, Wang EC, Brennan P, Longhi MP, Smith RA, Morgan BP. Expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD59 on target cells enhances human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. 176(5), 2915–2923 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 35 Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Turner SC et al. Human natural killer cells: a unique innate immunoregulatory role for the CD56(bright) subset. Blood 97(10), 3146–3151 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36 Wang L, Halliday D, Johnson PM, Christmas SE. Expression of complement regulatory proteins on human natural killer cell subsets. Immunol. Lett. 112(2), 104–109 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37 Harris CL, Hanna SM, Mizuno M, Holt DS, Marchbank KJ, Morgan BP. Characterization of the mouse analogues of CD59 using novel monoclonal antibodies: tissue distribution and functional comparison. Immunology 109(1), 117–126 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 38 Sivasankar B, Donev RM, Longhi MP et al. CD59A deficient mice display reduced B cell activity and antibody production in response to T-dependent antigens. Mol. Immunol. 44(11), 2978–2987 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39 Cui W, Fan Y, Yang M, Zhang Z. Expression of CD59 on lymphocyte and the subsets and its potential clinical application for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria diagnosis. Clin. Lab. Haematol. 26(2), 95–100 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 40 Alcindor T, Kimlinger T, Witzig TE. High expression of CD59 and CD55 on benign and malignant plasma cells. Leuk. Lymphoma 47(5), 919–921 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41 Christmas SE, De La Mata Espinosa CT, Halliday D, Buxton CA, Cummerson JA, Johnson PM. Levels of expression of complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59 on resting and activated human peripheral blood leucocytes. Immunology 119(4), 522–528 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 42 Francian A, Mann K, Kullberg M. Complement C3-dependent uptake of targeted liposomes into human macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and MDSCs. Int. J. Nanomedicine 12, 5149–5161 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43 Kane SJ, Farley TK, Gordon EO et al. Complement regulatory protein factor H is a soluble prion receptor that potentiates peripheral prion pathogenesis. 199(11), 3821–3827 (2017).
  Google Scholar
• 44 Li K, Fazekasova H, Wang N et al. Expression of complement components, receptors and regulators by human dendritic cells. Mol. Immunol. 48(9–10), 1121–1127 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 45 Yu S, Han B, Liu S et al. Derp1-modified dendritic cells attenuate allergic inflammation by regulating the development of T helper type 1(Th1)/Th2 cells and regulatory T cells in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Mol. Immunol. 90, 172–181 (2017).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 46 Nuutila J, Jalava-Karvinen P, Hohenthal U et al. Use of complement regulators, CD35, CD46, CD55, and CD59, on leukocytes as markers for diagnosis of viral and bacterial infections. Hum. Immunol. 74(5), 522–530 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 47 Stoermer KA, Morrison TE. Complement and viral pathogenesis. Virology 411(2), 362–373 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48 Jurianz K, Ziegler S, Donin N, Reiter Y, Fishelson Z, Kirschfink M. K562 erythroleukemic cells are equipped with multiple mechanisms of resistance to lysis by complement. Int. J. Cancer 93(6), 848–854 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 49 You T, Hu W, Ge X, Shen J, Qin X. Application of a novel inhibitor of human CD59 for the enhancement of complement-dependent cytolysis on cancer cells. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 8(2), 157–163 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 50 Zhao WP, Zhu B, Duan YZ, Chen ZT. Neutralization of complement regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59 augments therapeutic effect of herceptin against lung carcinoma cells. Oncol. Rep. 21(6), 1405–1411 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51 Shi XX, Zhang B, Zang JL, Wang GY, Gao MH. CD59 silencing via retrovirus-mediated RNA interference enhanced complement-mediated cell damage in ovary cancer. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 6(1), 61–66 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52 Tumor Sivasankar B et al. Upregulating CD59: a new strategy for protection of neurons from complement-mediated degeneration. Pharmacogenomics J. 10(1), 12–19 (2010). • CD59 protects normal cells from complement attack and it indicates the side effects of the drug only targeting CD59.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 53 Weidle UH, Kontermann RE, Brinkmann U. Tumor-antigen-binding bispecific antibodies for cancer treatment. Semin. Oncol. 41(5), 653–660 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 54 McDonagh CF, Huhalov A, Harms BD et al. Antitumor activity of a novel bispecific antibody that targets the ErbB2/ErbB3 oncogenic unit and inhibits heregulin-induced activation of ErbB3. Mol. Cancer Ther. 11(3), 582–593 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 55 Macor P, Tripodo C, Zorzet S et al. In vivo targeting of human neutralizing antibodies against CD55 and CD59 to lymphoma cells increases the antitumor activity of rituximab. Cancer Res. 67(21), 10556–10563 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 56 Macor P, Secco E, Mezzaroba N et al. Bispecific antibodies targeting tumor-associated antigens and neutralizing complement regulators increase the efficacy of antibody-based immunotherapy in mice. Leukemia 29(2), 406–414 (2015). •• Shows the application of bispecific antibodies targeting tumor-associated antigens and neutralizing CD59.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 57 Domeradzka NE, Werten MW, De Wolf FA, De Vries R. Cross-linking and bundling of self-assembled protein-based polymer fibrils via heterodimeric coiled coils. Biomacromolecules 17(12), 3893–3901 (2016). • Talks about the vector containing the heterodimeric coiled coils, which can be used to form polymer. This vector can be used to improving the tumor-targeting capabilities of new drugs.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58 Ruckthong L, Stuckey JA, Pecoraro VL. Methods for solving highly symmetric de novo designed metalloproteins: crystallographic examination of a novel three-stranded coiled-coil structure containing d-amino acids. Methods Enzymol. 580, 135–148 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59 Barros MM, Yamamoto M, Figueiredo MS et al. Expression levels of CD47, CD35, CD55, and CD59 on red blood cells and signal-regulatory protein-α, β on monocytes from patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Transfusion (Paris) 49(1), 154–160 (2009).
  Google Scholar
• 60 Mevorach D. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and primary p.Cys89Tyr mutation in CD59: differences and similarities. Mol. Immunol. 67(1), 51–55 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 61 Budding K, Van De Graaf EA, Kardol-Hoefnagel T et al. Soluble CD59 is a novel biomarker for the prediction of obstructive chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Sci. Rep. 6, 26274 (2016). • Talks about the function of soluble CD59. CD59 can be a biomarker for diagnosis of some diseases.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62 Ghosh P, Sahoo R, Vaidya A, Chorev M, Halperin JA. Role of complement and complement regulatory proteins in the complications of diabetes. Endocr. Rev. 36(3), 272–288 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63 Madjd Z, Pinder SE, Paish C, Ellis IO, Carmichael J, Durrant LG. Loss of CD59 expression in breast tumours correlates with poor survival. J. Pathol. 200(5), 633–639 (2003). •• Talks about the function of different kinds of CD59 in diabetes. Glycated CD59 is an emerging biomarker for the diagnosis of diabetes.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 64 Li B, Chu X, Gao M, Xu Y. The effects of CD59 gene as a target gene on breast cancer cells. Cell. Immunol. 272(1), 61–70 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 65 Donin N, Jurianz K, Ziporen L, Schultz S, Kirschfink M, Fishelson Z. Complement resistance of human carcinoma cells depends on membrane regulatory proteins, protein kinases and sialic acid. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 131(2), 254–263 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 66 Sakuma T, Kodama K, Hara T et al. Levels of complement regulatory molecules in lung cancer: disappearance of the D17 epitope of CD55 in small-cell carcinoma. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 84(7), 753–759 (1993).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 67 Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Efthimiou E, Nielsen T et al. Expression profiling of microdissected pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Oncogene 21(29), 4587–4594 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68 Ravindranath NM, Shuler C. Cell-surface density of complement restriction factors (CD46, CD55, and CD59): oral squamous cell carcinoma versus other solid tumors. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 103(2), 231–239 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 69 Niehans GA, Cherwitz DL, Staley NA, Knapp DJ, Dalmasso AP. Human carcinomas variably express the complement inhibitory proteins CD46 (membrane cofactor protein), CD55 (decay-accelerating factor), and CD59 (protectin). Am. J. Pathol. 149(1), 129–142 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 70 Kiso T, Mizuno M, Nasu J et al. Enhanced expression of decay-accelerating factor and CD59/homologous restriction factor 20 in intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenomas and intestinal-type gastric carcinomas but not in diffuse-type carcinomas. Histopathology 40(4), 339–347 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 71 Inoue T, Yamakawa M, Takahashi T. Expression of complement regulating factors in gastric cancer cells. Mol. Pathol. 55(3), 193–199 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 72 Juhl H, Helmig F, Baltzer K, Kalthoff H, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B. Frequent expression of complement resistance factors CD46, CD55, and CD59 on gastrointestinal cancer cells limits the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibody 17–1A. J. Surg. Oncol. 64(3), 222–230 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73 Shan C, Zhang S, Cui W et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates CD59 involving DNA binding and let-7i in protection of hepatoma and hepatic cells from complement attack. Carcinogenesis 32(8), 1190–1197 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 74 Qu Z, Liang X, Liu Y, Du J, Liu S, Sun W. Hepatitis B virus sensitizes hepatocytes to complement-dependent cytotoxicity through downregulating CD59. Mol. Immunol. 47(2–3), 283–289 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 75 Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Wolinska E, Szparecki G, Wilczynski GM, Czajka M, Skrzypczak M. CD55, CD59, factor H and factor H-like 1 gene expression analysis in tumors of the ovary and corpus uteri origin. Immunol. Lett. 167(2), 67–71 (2015).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 76 Bellone S, Roque D, Cocco E et al. Downregulation of membrane complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59 by siRNA sensitises uterine serous carcinoma overexpressing Her2/neu to complement and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in vitro: implications for trastuzumab-based immunotherapy. Br. J. Cancer 106(9), 1543–1550 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 77 Loberg RD, Wojno KJ, Day LL, Pienta KJ. Analysis of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins in prostate cancer. Urology 66(6), 1321–1326 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 78 Jarvis GA, Li J, Hakulinen J et al. Expression and function of the complement membrane attack complex inhibitor protectin (CD59) in human prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 71(6), 1049–1055 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 79 Babiker AA, Nilsson B, Ronquist G, Carlsson L, Ekdahl KN. Transfer of functional prostasomal CD59 of metastatic prostatic cancer cell origin protects cells against complement attack. Prostate 62(2), 105–114 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80 Yamakawa M, Yamada K, Tsuge T et al. Protection of thyroid cancer cells by complement-regulatory factors. Cancer 73(11), 2808–2817 (1994).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 81 Blok VT, Daha MR, Tijsma OM, Weissglas MG, Van Den Broek LJ, Gorter A. A possible role of CD46 for the protection in vivo of human renal tumor cells from complement-mediated damage. Lab. Invest. 80(3), 335–344 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 82 Gorter A, Blok VT, Haasnoot WH, Ensink NG, Daha MR, Fleuren GJ. Expression of CD46, CD55, and CD59 on renal tumor cell lines and their role in preventing complement-mediated tumor cell lysis. Lab. Invest. 74(6), 1039–1049 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 83 Sayama K, Shiraishi S, Miki Y. Distribution of complement regulators (CD46, CD55 and CD59) in skin appendages, and in benign and malignant skin neoplasms. Br. J. Dermatol. 127(1), 1–4 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 84 Lee MS, Jones T, Song DY, Jang JH, Jung JU, Gao SJ. Exploitation of the complement system by oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus for cell survival and persistent infection. PLoS Pathog. 10(9), e1004412 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 85 Golay J, Lazzari M, Facchinetti V et al. CD20 levels determine the in vitro susceptibility to rituximab and complement of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: further regulation by CD55 and CD59. Blood 98(12), 3383–3389 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 86 Hatanaka M, Seya T, Matsumoto M et al. Mechanisms by which the surface expression of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored complement regulatory proteins decay-accelerating factor (CD55) and CD59 is lost in human leukaemia cell lines. Biochem. J. 314(Pt 3), 969–976 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 87 Dzietczenia J, Wrobel T, Mazur G, Poreba R, Jazwiec B, Kuliczkowski K. Expression of complement regulatory proteins: CD46, CD55, and CD59 and response to rituximab in patients with CD20⁺ non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Med. Oncol. 27(3), 743–746 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 88 Junnikkala S, Jokiranta TS, Friese MA, Jarva H, Zipfel PF, Meri S. Exceptional resistance of human H2 glioblastoma cells to complement-mediated killing by expression and utilization of factor H and factor H-like protein 1. J. Immunol. 164(11), 6075–6081 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89 Devarapu SK, Mamidi S, Ploger F et al. Cytotoxic activity against human neuroblastoma and melanoma cells mediated by IgM antibodies derived from peripheral blood of healthy donors. Int. J. Cancer 138(12), 2963–2973 (2016).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 90 Weichenthal M, Siemann U, Neuber K, Breitbart EW. Expression of complement regulator proteins in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26(5), 217–221 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 91 Coral S, Fonsatti E, Sigalotti L et al. Overexpression of protectin (CD59) down-modulates the susceptibility of human melanoma cells to homologous complement. J. Cell. Physiol. 185(3), 317–323 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar