We use cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to browse this site, you accept our cookie policy.×
Skip main navigation
Aging Health
Bioelectronics in Medicine
Biomarkers in Medicine
Breast Cancer Management
CNS Oncology
Colorectal Cancer
Concussion
Epigenomics
Future Cardiology
Future Medicine AI
Future Microbiology
Future Neurology
Future Oncology
Future Rare Diseases
Future Virology
Hepatic Oncology
HIV Therapy
Immunotherapy
International Journal of Endocrine Oncology
International Journal of Hematologic Oncology
Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine
Lung Cancer Management
Melanoma Management
Nanomedicine
Neurodegenerative Disease Management
Pain Management
Pediatric Health
Personalized Medicine
Pharmacogenomics
Regenerative Medicine
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.12.53

This article concerns the possible role of dural changes in migraine pain. The hypothesis that changes in the dura are important in migraine pain has become widely accepted among migraine scientists. A critical examination of the evidence for and against dural involvement in migraine pain shows that in spite of the extensive research that has been carried out on dural physiology and pathophysiology, there is no hard evidence that dural changes actually occur in humans during a migraine. On the contrary, the available evidence appears to indicate that it is unlikely that dural changes are part of the migraine pain process.

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

References

  • Ray BS, Wolff HG. Experimental studies on headache: pain-sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch. Surg.41(4),813–856 (1940).
  • Penfield W. A contribution to the mechanism of intracranial pain. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis.15,399–416 (1935).
  • Dalessio DJ. Vascular permeability and vasoactive substances: their relationship to migraine. Adv. Neurol.4,395–401 (1974).
  • Markowitz S, Saito K, Moskowitz MA. Neurogenically mediated leakage of plasma protein occurs from blood vessels in dura mater but not brain. J. Neurosci.7(12),4129–4136 (1987).
  • Moskowitz MA, Reinhard JF Jr, Romero J, Melamed E, Pettibone DJ. Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? Lancet2(8148),883–885 (1979).
  • Moskowitz MA. Neurogenic inflammation in the pathophysiology and treatment of migraine. Neurology43(6 Suppl. 3),S16–S20 (1993).
  • Liu-Chen LY, Mayberg MR, Moskowitz MA. Immunohistochemical evidence for a substance P-containing trigeminovascular pathway to pial arteries in cats. Brain Res.268(1),162–166 (1983).
  • Pietrobon D, Striessnig J. Neurobiology of migraine. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.4(5),386–398 (2003).
  • Strassman AM, Raymond SA. On the origin of headaches. Endeavour21(3),97–100 (1997).
  • 10  Borsook D, Burstein R, Becerra L. Functional imaging of the human trigeminal system: opportunities for new insights into pain processing in health and disease. J. Neurobiol.61(1),107–125 (2004).
  • 11  Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Jansen I, Mcculloch J, Uddman R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and cerebral blood vessels: distribution and vasomotor effects. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.7(6),720–728 (1987).
  • 12  Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Cunha e Sa M, Gulbenkian S. Demonstration of neuropeptide containing nerves and vasomotor responses to perivascular peptides in human cerebral arteries. Cephalalgia14(2),88–96 (1994).
  • 13  Edvinsson L, Mulder H, Goadsby PJ, Uddman R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and nitric oxide in the trigeminal ganglion: cerebral vasodilatation from trigeminal nerve stimulation involves mainly calcitonin gene-related peptide. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst.70(1–2),15–22 (1998).
  • 14  Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. Stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion increases flow in the extracerebral but not the cerebral circulation of the monkey. Brain Res.381(1),63–67 (1986).
  • 15  Feindel W, Penfield W, McNaughton F. The tentorial nerves and Iocalization of intracranial pain in man. Neurology10,555–563 (1960).
  • 16  Levy D. Migraine pain and nociceptor action – where do we stand. Headache50,909–916 (2010).
  • 17  Drummond PD, Granston A. Painful stimulation of the temple induces nausea, headache and extracranial vasodilation in migraine sufferers. Cephalalgia25(1),16–22 (2005).
  • 18  Granston A, Drummond PD. Painful stimulation of the temple during optokinetic stimulation triggers migraine-like attacks in migraine sufferers. Cephalalgia25(3),219–224 (2005).
  • 19  Bove GM, Moskowitz MA. Primary afferent neurons innervating guinea pig dura. J. Neurophysiol.77(1),299–308 (1997).
  • 20  Dostrovsky JO, Davis KD, Kawakita K. Central mechanisms of vascular headaches. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.69(5),652–658 (1991).
  • 21  Strassman AM, Raymond SA, Burstein R. Sensitization of meningeal sensory neurons and the origin of headaches. Nature384(6609),560–564 (1996).
  • 22  Levy D, Strassman AM. Distinct sensitizing effects of the cAMP-PKA second messenger cascade on rat dural mechanonociceptors. J. Physiol.538(Pt 2),483–493 (2002).
  • 23  Goadsby PJ, Zagami AS, Lambert GA. Neural processing of craniovascular pain: a synthesis of the central structures involved in migraine. Headache31(6),365–371 (1991).
  • 24  Mayberg M, Langer RS, Zervas NT, Moskowitz MA. Perivascular meningeal projections from cat trigeminal ganglia: possible pathway for vascular headaches in man. Science213(4504),228–230 (1981).
  • 25  Mayberg MR, Zervas NT, Moskowitz MA. Trigeminal projections to supratentorial pial and dural blood vessels in cats demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol.223(1),46–56 (1984).
  • 26  Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Jansen I, Ottosson A, Uddman R. Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human cerebral arteries: immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay, and in vitro pharmacology. Ann. Neurol.21(5),431–437 (1987).
  • 27  Edvinsson L. Innervation of the cerebral circulation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.519,334–348 (1987).
  • 28  Fang HC. Cerebral arterial innervations in man. Arch. Neurol.4,651–656 (1961).
  • 29  Penfield W, Mcnaughton F. Dural headache and innervation of dura mater. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc.64,43–75 (1938).
  • 30  Strassman AM, Levy D. Response properties of dural nociceptors in relation to headache. J. Neurophysiol.95(3),1298–1306 (2006).
  • 31  Ellrich J, Andersen OK, Messlinger K, Arendt-Nielsen L. Convergence of meningeal and facial afferents onto trigeminal brainstem neurons: an electrophysiological study in rat and man. Pain82(3),229–237 (1999).
  • 32  Sessle BJ, Hu JW, Amano N, Zhong G. Convergence of cutaneous, tooth pulp, visceral, neck and muscle afferents onto nociceptive and nociceptive neurones in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and its implications for referred pain. Pain27(2),219–235 (1986).▪ Shows the convergence of sensory afferents on the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis from various structures other than the dura.
  • 33  Perini F, D’Andrea G, Galloni E et al. Plasma cytokine levels in migraineurs and controls. Headache45(7),926–931 (2005).
  • 34  Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Baldi A et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and lymphocyte integrin expression in the internal jugular blood of migraine patients without aura assessed ictally. Headache46(2),200–207 (2006).
  • 35  Knotkova H, Pappagallo M. Imaging intracranial plasma extravasation in a migraine patient: a case report. Pain Med.8(4),383–387 (2007).
  • 36  Olesen J. The international classification of headache disorders. Headache48(5),691–693 (2008).
  • 37  Silberstein SD. Migraine pathophysiology and its clinical implications. Cephalalgia24(Suppl. 2),S2–S7 (2004).
  • 38  Kurosawa M, Messlinger K, Pawlak M, Schmidt RF. Increase of meningeal blood flow after electrical stimulation of rat dura mater encephali: mediation by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Br. J. Pharmacol.114(7),1397–1402 (1995).
  • 39  Mcculloch J, Uddman R, Kingman TA, Edvinsson L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA83(15),5731–5735 (1986).
  • 40  Shevel E. Middle meningeal artery dilatation in migraine. Headache49,1541–1543 (2009).▪▪ Provides proof that it is not anatomically possible for the dural arteries to dilate.
  • 41  Messlinger K, Hanesch U, Baumgartel M, Trost B, Schmidt RF. Innervation of the dura mater encephali of cat and rat: ultrastructure and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.)188(3),219–237 (1993).
  • 42  Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, Shepheard SL. Sumatriptan inhibits neurogenic vasodilation of dural blood vessels in the anaesthetized rat – intravital microscope studies. Cephalalgia17(4),525–531 (1997).
  • 43  Williamson DJ, Shepheard SL, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ. The novel anti-migraine agent rizatriptan inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilation and extravasation. Eur. J. Pharmacol.328(1),61–64 (1997).
  • 44  Johnson KW, Bolay H. Neurogenic inflammatory mechanisms. In: The Headaches. Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan N, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA (Eds). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 309–319 (2006).
  • 45  Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Kingman T, Mcculloch J. Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and co-existence with substance P. Neurosci. Lett.62(1),131–136 (1985).
  • 46  May A, Shepheard SL, Knorr M et al. Retinal plasma extravasation in animals but not in humans: implications for the pathophysiology of migraine. Brain121(Pt 7),1231–1237 (1998).▪ Provides evidence that neurogenic inflammation is unlikely to occur in humans.
  • 47  Buzzi MG, Moskowitz MA. The antimigraine drug, sumatriptan (GR43175), selectively blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation from blood vessels in dura mater. Br. J. Pharmacol.99(1),202–206 (1990).
  • 48  Goldstein DJ, Offen WW, Klein EG et al. Lanepitant, an NK-1 antagonist, in migraine prevention. Cephalalgia21(2),102–106 (2001).
  • 49  Peroutka SJ. Neurogenic inflammation and migraine: implications for the therapeutics. Mol. Interv.5(5),304–311 (2005).▪ Provides evidence that neurogenic inflammation is unlikely to occur in humans.
  • 50  May A, Gijsman HJ, Wallnofer A, Jones R, Diener HC, Ferrari MD. Endothelin antagonist bosentan blocks neurogenic inflammation, but is not effective in aborting migraine attacks. Pain67(2–3),375–378 (1996).
  • 51  Brandli P, Loffler BM, Breu V, Osterwalder R, Maire JP, Clozel M. Role of endothelin in mediating neurogenic plasma extravasation in rat dura mater. Pain64(2),315–322 (1996).
  • 52  Goldstein DJ, Wang O, Saper JR, Stoltz R, Silberstein SD, Mathew NT. Ineffectiveness of neurokinin-1 antagonist in acute migraine: a crossover study. Cephalalgia17(7),785–790 (1997).
  • 53  Asghar MS, Hansen AE, Amin FM et al. Evidence for a vascular factor in migraine. Ann. Neurol.69(4),635–645 (2011).
  • 54  Schoonman GG, van der Grond J, Kortmann C, van der Geest RJ, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD. Migraine headache is not associated with cerebral or meningeal vasodilatation – a 3T magnetic resonance angiography study. Brain131(Pt 8),2192–2200 (2008).
  • 55  Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Codini M, Floridi A, Gallai V. Nitric oxide metabolites, prostaglandins and trigeminal vasoactive peptides in internal jugular vein blood during spontaneous migraine attacks. Cephalalgia20(10),907–918 (2000).
  • 56  Juhasz G, Zsombok T, Modos EA et al. NO-induced migraine attack: strong increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and negative correlation with platelet serotonin release. Pain106(3),461–470 (2003).
  • 57  Juhasz G, Zsombok T, Jakab B, Nemeth J, Szolcsanyi J, Bagdy G. Sumatriptan causes parallel decrease in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and migraine headache during nitroglycerin induced migraine attack. Cephalalgia25(3),179–183 (2005).
  • 58  Lassen LH, Jacobsen VB, Haderslev PA et al. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine: regional cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity in migraine patients. J. Headache Pain9(3),151–157 (2008).
  • 59  Olesen J, Diener HC, Husstedt IW et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist BIBN 4096 BS for the acute treatment of migraine. N. Engl. J. Med.350(11),1104–1110 (2004).
  • 60  Ho TW, Mannix LK, Fan X et al. Randomized controlled trial of an oral CGRP receptor antagonist, MK-0974, in acute treatment of migraine. Neurology70(16),1304–1312 (2008).
  • 61  Ho TW, Ferrari MD, Dodick DW et al. Efficacy and tolerability of MK-0974 (telcagepant), a new oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, compared with zolmitriptan for acute migraine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet372(9656),2115–2123 (2008).
  • 62  Tfelt-Hansen P, Le H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in blood: is it increased in the external jugular vein during migraine and cluster headache? A review. J. Headache Pain10(3),137–143 (2009).
  • 63  Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Floridi A et al. Vasoactive peptide levels in the plasma of young migraine patients with and without aura assessed both interictally and ictally. Cephalalgia15(5),384–390 (1995).
  • 64  Durham PL. CGRP-receptor antagonists – a fresh approach to migraine therapy? N. Engl. J. Med.350(11),1073–1075 (2004).
  • 65  Durham PL. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and migraine. Headache46(Suppl. 1),S3–S8 (2006).
  • 66  Brain SD, Williams TJ, Tippins JR, Morris HR, Macintyre I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature313(5997),54–56 (1985).
  • 67  Olesen IJ, Gulbenkian S, Valenca A et al. The peptidergic innervation of the human superficial temporal artery: immunohistochemistry, ultrastructure, and vasomotility. Peptides16(2),275–287 (1995).
  • 68  Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. The trigeminovascular system and migraine: studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide changes seen in humans and cats. Ann. Neurol.33(1),48–56 (1993).
  • 69  Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache. Neuropeptide changes and effects of acute attacks therapies. Brain117(Pt 3),427–434 (1994).
  • 70  Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Neuropeptides in migraine and cluster headache. Cephalalgia14(5),320–327 (1994).
  • 71  Fanciullacci M, Alessandri M, Figini M, Geppetti P, Michelacci S. Increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide from the extracerebral circulation during nitroglycerin-induced cluster headache attack. Pain60(2),119–123 (1995).
  • 72  Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann. Neurol.28(2),183–187 (1990).
  • 73  Ferrari MD, Saxena PR. On serotonin and migraine: a clinical and pharmacological review. Cephalalgia13(3),151–165 (1993).
  • 74  Buzzi MG, Bonamini M, Moskowitz MA. Neurogenic model of migraine. Cephalalgia15(4),277–280 (1995).
  • 75  Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Schifter S, Olesen J. Evidence for increased plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine outside of attacks. Pain86(1–2),133–138 (2000).
  • 76  Cumberbatch MJ, Williamson DJ, Mason GS, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ. Dural vasodilation causes a sensitization of rat caudal trigeminal neurones in vivo that is blocked by a 5-HT1B/1D agonist. Br. J. Pharmacol.126(6),1478–1486 (1999).
  • 77  Levy D, Burstein R, Strassman AM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide does not excite or sensitize meningeal nociceptors: implications for the pathophysiology of migraine. Ann. Neurol.58(5),698–705 (2005).
  • 78  Burstein R, Yarnitsky D, Goor-Aryeh I, Ransil BJ, Bajwa ZH. An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia. Ann. Neurol.47(5),614–624 (2000).
  • 79  Burstein R, Collins B, Jakubowski M. Defeating migraine pain with triptans: a race against the development of cutaneous allodynia. Ann. Neurol.55(1),19–26 (2004).
  • 80  Olesen J, Burstein R, Ashina M, Tfelt-Hansen P. Origin of pain in migraine: evidence for peripheral sensitisation. Lancet Neurol.8(7),679–690 (2009).
  • 81  Zhang XC, Strassman AM, Burstein R, Levy D. Sensitization and activation of intracranial meningeal nociceptors by mast cell mediators. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.322(2),806–812 (2007).
  • 82  Levy D, Burstein R, Kainz V, Jakubowski M, Strassman AM. Mast cell degranulation activates a pain pathway underlying migraine headache. Pain130(1–2),166–176 (2007).
  • 83  Edvinsson L, Hargreaves R. CGRP involvement in migraines. In: The Headaches. Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan N, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA (Eds). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 289–299 (2006).
  • 84  Davis KD, Dostrovsky JO. Activation of trigeminal brain-stem nociceptive neurons by dural artery stimulation. Pain25(3),395–401 (1986).
  • 85  Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Activation of the trigeminovascular system by mechanical distension of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Cephalalgia12(3),133–136 (1992).
  • 86  Burstein R, Yamamura H, Malick A, Strassman AM. Chemical stimulation of the intracranial dura induces enhanced responses to facial stimulation in brain stem trigeminal neurons. J. Neurophysiol.79(2),964–982 (1998).