Review

Iron-saturated lactoferrin and pathogenic protozoa: could this protein be an iron source for their parasitic style of life?

Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14–740, México DF 07000, México

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Sarahí Luna-Castro

Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14–740, México DF 07000, México

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Carolina Piña-Vázquez

Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14–740, México DF 07000, México

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Luisa Samaniego-Barrón

Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14–740, México DF 07000, México

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Nidia León-Sicairos

Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa “Dr. Rigoberto Aguilar Pico”, Blvd. Constitución y Donato Guerra S/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80200, México

Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Eustaquio Buelna No. 91, Col. Gabriel Leyva, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80030, México

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Jesús Serrano-Luna

Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14–740, México DF 07000, México

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Mireya de la Garza

* Author for correspondence

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Email the corresponding author at mireya@cell.cinvestav.mx

Published Online:22 Dec 2011https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.11.140

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Abstract

Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival of pathogens inside a host. As a general strategy against microbes, mammals have evolved complex iron-withholding systems for efficiently decreasing the iron accessible to invaders. Pathogens that inhabit the respiratory, intestinal and genitourinary tracts encounter an iron-deficient environment on the mucosal surface, where ferric iron is chelated by lactoferrin, an extracellular glycoprotein of the innate immune system. However, parasitic protozoa have developed several mechanisms to obtain iron from host holo-lactoferrin. Tritrichomonas fetus, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica express lactoferrin-binding proteins and use holo-lactoferrin as an iron source for growth in vitro; in some species, these binding proteins are immunogenic and, therefore, may serve as potential vaccine targets. Another mechanism to acquire lactoferrin iron has been reported in Leishmania spp. promastigotes, which use a surface reductase to recognize and reduce ferric iron to the accessible ferrous form. Cysteine proteases that cleave lactoferrin have been reported in E. histolytica. This review summarizes the available information on how parasites uptake and use the iron from lactoferrin to survive in hostile host environments.

Keywords:

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

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This work was supported by CONACyT, Mexico, grant 60102. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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