MiR-377 reverses cancerous phenotypes of pancreatic cells via suppressing DNMT1 and demethylating tumor suppressor genes
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to investigate the effect of miR-377 on DNMT1 expression and cancer phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells. Materials & methods: Real-time PCR, luciferase assay, MTT and Annexin-PI staining were used. Results: Decreased miR-377 and increased DNMT1 (verified as a target for mir-377) levels in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines in comparison with normal tissues was confirmed to be influenced by promoter methylation. Also hypermethylation of BNIP3, SPARC, TFPI2 and PENK promoters was observed in tumor samples but not in normal tissues which negatively correlated with their expression. Restoration of miR-377 resulted in a reduction of the expression of DNMT1 and reactivation of BNIP3 and SPARC genes via promoter demethylation. Furthermore, enhanced expression of miR-377 could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings showed that miR-377 through targeting DNMT1 could reduce DNA methylation of some tumor suppressor genes and restore their expression in pancreatic cancer cells.
Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest
References
- 1 . Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J. Clin. 63(1), 11–30 (2013).
- 2 . Pancreatic cancer: pathobiology, treatment options, and drug delivery. AAPS J. 12(2), 223–232 (2010).
- 3 . Advanced-stage pancreatic cancer: therapy options. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 10(6), 323–333 (2013).
- 4 . Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 371(11), 1039–1049 (2014).
- 5 Genetic and epigenetic alterations in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Curr. Genomics 12(1), 15–24 (2011).
- 6 . DNA methylation profiles in precancerous tissue and cancers: carcinogenetic risk estimation and prognostication based on DNA methylation status. Epigenomics 2(3), 467–481 (2010).
- 7 De novo CpG island methylation in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 66(2), 682–692 (2006).
- 8 . Regulation of mammalian DNA methyltransferases: a route to new mechanisms. EMBO Rep. 12(7), 647–656 (2011). • A review about the regulatory mechanisms involved in the dynamic interplay between interdependent post-translational modifications that regulate DNMTs, post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs and the emerging role of noncoding RNA in targeting mammalian DNMTs.
- 9 . Differential requirement for DNA methyltransferase 1 in maintaining human cancer cell gene promoter hypermethylation. Cancer Res. 66(2), 729–735 (2006).
- 10 . Pancreatic cancer DNMT1 expression and sensitivity to DNMT1 inhibitors. Cancer Biol. Ther. 9(4), 321–329 (2010).
- 11 . Phosphorylation of serine-515 activates the mammalian maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1. Epigenetics 2(3), 155–160 (2007).
- 12 . Alterations of DNA methylation associated with abnormalities of DNA methyltransferases in human cancers during transition from a precancerous to a malignant state. Carcinogenesis 28(12), 2434–2442 (2007).
- 13 Increased DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein expression correlates significantly with poorer tumor differentiation and frequent DNA hypermethylation of multiple CpG islands in gastric cancers. Am. J. Pathol. 164(2), 689–699 (2004).
- 14 Increased protein expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 is significantly correlated with the malignant potential and poor prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 105(4), 527–532 (2003).
- 15 Increased DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein expression in precancerous conditions and ductal carcinomas of the pancreas. Cancer Sci. 96(7), 403–408 (2005).
- 16 . Evidence for a preferential targeting of 3′-UTRs by cis-encoded natural antisense transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res. 33(17), 5533–5543 (2005).
- 17 . MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 116(2), 281–297 (2004).
- 18 . Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res. 19(1), 92–105 (2009).
- 19 . DNA methylation and microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Mol. Oncol. 6(6), 567–578 (2012). • Describes the role of DNA methylation in microRNA dysregulation in cancer and explains that the aberrant DNA methylation of miRNA genes is a potentially useful biomarker for detecting cancer and predicting its outcome.
- 20 . MicroRNA in pancreatic cancer: pathological, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Cancer Lett. 292(1), 8–16 (2010). • Describes the differential expression pattern of miRNAs in pancreatic tumors and their use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
- 21 . Epigenetic alterations and microRNAs: new players in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes. Epigenetics 8(6), 561–570 (2013).
- 22 Hsa-miR-9 methylation status is associated with cancer development and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 29(42), 5724–5728 (2010).
- 23 . Exploration of tumor-suppressive microRNAs silenced by DNA hypermethylation in oral cancer. Cancer Res. 68(7), 2094–2105 (2008).
- 24 The silencing of microRNA 148a production by DNA hypermethylation is an early event in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Clin. Chem. 56(7), 1107–1118 (2010). • Hypermethylation and inactivation of miRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an early event during pancreatic carcinogenesis and these differentially methylated regions can serve as a diagnostic marker for PDAC.
- 25 Hypermethylation of specific microRNA genes in MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: major matters at a micro scale. Leukemia 25(3), 429–439 (2011).
- 26 . Epigenetically regulated microRNAs and their prospect in cancer diagnosis. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 14(6), 673–683 (2014).
- 27 . The promise of epigenomic therapeutics in pancreatic cancer. Epigenomics 8(6), 831–842 (2016).
- 28 . MicroRNA-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferase-1 and tumor suppressor gene expression by interleukin-6 in human malignant cholangiocytes. Hepatology 51(3), 881–890 (2010).
- 29 MicrRNA-148b and microRNA-152 reactivate tumor suppressor genes through suppressin of DNA methyltransferase-1 gene in panvreatic cancer cell line. Cancer Biol. Ther. 14(5), 419–427 (2014).
- 30 . Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 30(9), e36 (2002).
- 31 Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 33(20), e179 (2005).
- 32 Development of a robust, low cost stem-loop real-time quantification PCR technique for miRNA expression analysis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 40(5), 3665–3674 (2013).
- 33 The mfold Web Server. http://mfold.rna.albany.edu/?q=mfold/.
- 34 DataBase of CpG islands and Analytical Tools (DBCAT). http://dbcat.cgm.ntu.edu.tw/.
- 35 . Human microRNA targets. PLoS Biol. 2(11), e363 (2004).
- 36 . Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell 115(7), 787–798 (2003).
- 37 Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat. Genetics 37(5), 495–500 (2005).
- 38 . Epigenetics and epigenetic alterations in pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2(4), 310–326 (2009).
- 39 Expression of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, 3A, and 3B in normal hematopoiesis and in acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 97(5), 1172–1179 (2001).
- 40 Downregulation of microRNA-29c is associated with hypermethylation of tumor-related genes and disease outcome in cutaneous melanoma. Epigenetics 6(3), 388–394 (2011).
- 41 . Down-regulated microRNA-152 induces aberrant DNA methylation in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1. Hepatology 52(1), 60–70 (2010).
- 42 MicroRNAs, miR-154, miR-299–5p, miR-376a, miR-376c, miR-377, miR-381, miR-487b, miR-485–3p, miR-495 and miR-654–3p, mapped to the 14q32.31 locus, regulate proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in metastatic prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 33(44), 5173–5182 (2013).
- 43 Genomic and epigenetic alterations deregulate microRNA expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(19), 7004–7009 (2008).
- 44 . DNA methylation of tumor suppressor miRNA genes: a lesson from the miR-34 family. Epigenomics 3(1), 83–92 (2011). • Describes the role of miRNA methylation, in particular miR-34a, the gene structure of the miR-34 family of miRNA genes, the tumor suppressor role of miR-34a and the deregulation of miR-34a by DNA methylation in both epithelial and hematological cancers.
- 45 Downregulation of miR-132 by promoter methylation contributes to pancreatic cancer development. Carcinogenesis 32(8), 1183–1189 (2011).
- 46 . Promoter methylated microRNAs: potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer (Review). Mol. Med. Rep. 11(2), 759–765 (2015).
- 47 Cellular histone modification patterns predict prognosis and treatment response in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results from RTOG 9704. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(8), 1358–1365 (2010).
- 48 . MicroRNAs in tumorigenesis: a primer. Am. J. Pathol. 171(3), 728–738 (2007).
- 49 Differential induction of apoptosis and senescence by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in solid tumor cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 12(10), 2226–2236 (2013). • Describing antiproliferative activity, cytotoxicity, gene demethylation, transcription, natural killer(NK) cell activity, or DNA repair effects of the 2 closely related DNMTi nucleoside analogues 5-aza-CR and 5-aza-dC in solid tumor cells.
- 50 . Role of BNIP3 in proliferation and hypoxia-induced autophagy: implications for personalized cancer therapies. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1210, 8–16 (2010).
- 51 . Silencing of the hypoxia-inducible cell death protein BNIP3 in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 64(15), 5338–5346 (2004).
- 52 Upregulation of BNIP3 by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to hypoxia-mediated cell death. J. Gastroenterol. 40(5), 504–510 (2005).
- 53 SPARC/osteonectin is a frequent target for aberrant methylation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and a mediator of tumor-stromal interactions. Oncogene 22(32), 5021–5030 (2003).
- 54 . Enhanced growth of pancreatic tumors in SPARC-null mice is associated with decreased deposition of extracellular matrix and reduced tumor cell apoptosis. Mol. Cancer Res. 2(4), 215–224 (2004).
- 55 . Tumor–stroma interactions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6(4), 1186–1197 (2007).

