Review

Macromolecular biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in exhaled breath condensate

Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran

Liver & Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran

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Babak Emamalizadeh

Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz, Iran

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Abolghasem Jouyban

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-2783

Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran

Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14117-13135, Iran

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Mohammadali M Shoja

Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

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Maryam Khoubnasabjafari

*Author for correspondence:

E-mail Address: mkjafari2@yahoo.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-4699

Tuberculosis & Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran

Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran

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Published Online:17 Sep 2020https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2020-0121

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Abstract

Biomarkers provide important diagnostic and prognostic information on heterogeneous diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, finding a suitable specimen for clinical analysis of biomarkers for COPD is challenging. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling is noninvasive, rapid, cost-effective and easily repeatable. EBC sampling has also provided recent progress in the identification of biological macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA in EBC samples, which has increased its utility for clinical scientists. In this article, we review applications involving EBC sampling for the analysis of COPD biomarkers and discuss its future potential.

Keywords:

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

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Vol. 14, No. 11

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History

Received 8 March 2020

Accepted 11 June 2020

Published online 17 September 2020

Published in print August 2020

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Keywords

Author contributions

S Kazeminasab wrote the paper with support from all authors. B Emamalizadeh supervised the research and co-wrote the paper. A Jouyban directed the project and commented on the manuscript. MM Shoja commented on the manuscript. M Khoubnasabjafari conceived the original idea, directed the project and did supervision of the project.

Financial & competing interests' disclosure

This work was supported by the Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, grant code 62311. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript by RD Vooght-Johnson (ryan.devooght.johnson@gmail.com), and was funded by a grant provided by the Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center of Tabriz University.

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