Stem cell therapy for heart failure: the science and current progress

Bibliography

• 1  Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K et al.: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation117(4),E25–E146 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 2  Weir RA, McMurray JJ: Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep.3(4),175–180 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 3  Orlic D, Hill JM, Arai AE: Stem cells for myocardial regeneration. Circ. Res.91,1092–1102 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 4  Chiu RC, Zibaitis A, Kao RL: Cellular cardiomyoplasty: myocardial regeneration with satellite cell implantation. Ann. Thorac. Surg.60,12–18 (1995).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 5  Tang YL: Cellular therapy with autologous skeletal myoblasts for ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Methods Mol. Med.112,193–204 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 6  Zhang F, Chen Y, Yang Z et al.: Cellular cardiomyoplasty for a patient with heart failure. Cardiovasc. Radiat. Med.4,43–46 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 7  Taylor DA, Atkins BZ, Hungspreugs P et al.: Regenerating functional myocardium: improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation. Nat. Med.4,929–933 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 8  Menasche P: Skeletal myoblasts and cardiac repair. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
  Google Scholar
• 9  Marelli D, Desrosiers C, el-Alfy M, Kao RL, Chiu RC: Cell transplantation for myocardial repair: an experimental approach. Cell Transplant.1,383–390 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 10  Hagege AA, Marolleau JP, Vilquin JT et al.: Skeletal myoblast transplantation in ischemic heart failure: long-term follow-up of the first Phase I cohort of patients. Circulation114,I108–I113 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 11  Murry CE, Field LJ, Menasche P: Cell-based cardiac repair: reflections at the 10-year point. Circulation112,3174–3183 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 12  Steendijk P, Smits PC, Valgimigli M, van der Giessen WJ, Onderwater EE, Serruys PW: Intramyocardial injection of skeletal myoblasts: long-term follow-up with pressure–volume loops. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med.3(Suppl. 1),S94–S100 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 13  Reinecke H, Poppa V, Murry CE: Skeletal muscle stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes after cardiac grafting. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.34,241–249 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14  Menasche P, Hagege AA, Vilquin JT et al.: Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for severe postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.41,1078–1083 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 15  Cleland JG, Coletta AP, Abdellah AT et al.: Clinical trials update from the American Heart Association 2006: OAT, SALT 1 and 2, MAGIC, ABCD, PABA-CHF). IMPROVE-CHF, and percutaneous mitral annuloplasty. Eur. J. Heart Fail.9,92–97 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16  Laflamme MA, Gold J, Xu C et al.: Formation of human myocardium in the rat heart from human embryonic stem cells. Am. J. Pathol.167(3),663–671 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 17  Wobus AM, Wallukat G, Hescheler J: Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes expressing chronotropic responses to adrenergic and cholinergic agents and Ca²⁺ channel blockers. Differentiation48(3),173–182 (1991).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18  Banach K, Halbach MD, Hu P, Hescheler J, Egert U: Development of electrical activity in cardiac myocyte aggregatesderived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.284(6),H2114–H2123 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19  Kehat I, Khimovich L, Caspi O et al.: Electromechanical integration of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol.22(10),1282–1289 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20  Kehat I, Kenyagin-Karsenti D, Snir M et al.: Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest.108(3),407–414 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21  Dolnikov K, Shilkrut M, Zeevi-Levin N et al.: Functional properties of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: intracellular Ca²⁺ handling and the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contraction. Stem Cells24(2),236–245 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22  Xu C, He JQ, Kamp TJ et al.: Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes can be maintained in defined medium without serum. Stem Cells Dev.15(6),931–941 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 23  Binah O, Dolnikov K, Sadan O et al.: Functional and development properties of human embryonic stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes. J. Electrocardiol.40(6 Suppl.),S192–S196 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 24  Kehat I, Kenyagin-Karsenti D, Snir M et al.: Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest.108(3),407–414 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 25  Xue T, Cho HC, Akar FG et al.: Functional integration of electrically active cardiac derivatives from genetically engineered human embryonic stem cells with quiescent recipient ventricular cardiomyocytes: insights into the development of cell-based pacemakers. Circulation111,11–20 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 26  Laflamme MA, Chen KY, Naumova AV et al.: Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Nat. Biotechnol.25(9),1015–1024 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27  Mummery C, van der Heyden MA, de Boer TP et al.: Cardiomyocytes from human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol. Med.140,249–272 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 28  Chachques JC, Trainini JC, Lago N et al.: Myocardial assistance by grafting a new bioartificial upgraded myocardium (MAGNUM clinical trial): one year follow up. Cell Transplant.16(9),927–934 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 29  Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I et al.: Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature410,701–705 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30  Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H et al.: Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature428,664–668 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31  Song S, Song S, Zhang H, Cuevas J, Sanchez-Ramos J: Comparison of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stem cells to those differentiated from adult brain neural stem cells. Stem Cells Dev.16(5),747–756 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32  Abdel-Latif A, Bolli R, Tleyjeh IM et al.: Adult bone marrow-derived cells for cardiac repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med.167(10),989–997 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 33  Pelacho B, Nakamura Y, Zhang J et al.: Multipotent adult progenitor cell transplantation increases vascularity and improves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med.1(1),51–59 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34  Wang JS, Shum-Tim D, Chedrawy E, Chiu RC: The coronary delivery of marrow stromal cells for myocardial regeneration: pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.122(4),699–705 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 35  Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ, Kessler PD: Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation105(1),93–98 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 36  Muraski JA, Rota M, Misao Y et al.: Pim-1 regulates cardiomyocyte survival downstream of Akt. Nat. Med.13(12),1467–1475 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37  Makino S, Fukuda K, Miyoshi S et al.: Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. J. Clin. Invest.103(5),697–705 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 38  Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D et al.: Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat. Med.9,1195–1201 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39  Tang YL, Tang Y, Zhang YC, Qian K, Shen L, Phillips MI: Improved graft mesenchymal stem cell survival in ischemic heart with a hypoxia-regulated heme oxygenase-1 vector. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.46,1339–1350 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 40  Amado LC, Saliaris AP, Schuler KH et al.: Cardiac repair with myocardial injection of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells after myocardaial infarction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.102,11474–11479 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41  Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H et al.: Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng.7(2),211–228 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42  Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P et al.: Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol. Biol. Cell13(12),4279–4295 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43  Gronthos S, Franklin DM, Leddy HA, Robey PG, Storms RW, Gimble JM: Surface protein characterization of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. J. Cell Physiol.189(1),54–63 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 44  De Ugarte DA, Morizono K, Elbarbary A et al.: Comparison of multi-lineage cells from human adipose tissue and bone marrow. Cells Tissues Organs174(3),101–109 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 45  Traktuev D, Merfeld-Clauss S, Li J et al.: A population of multipotent CD34-positive adiopose stromal cells share pericyte and mesenchymal surface markers, reside in a periendothelial location, and stabilize endothelial networks. Circ. Res.102(1),77–85 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 46  Yoshimura K, Shigeura T, Matsumoto D et al.: Characterization of freshly isolated and cultured cells derived from the fatty and fluid portions of liposuction aspirates. J. Cell. Physiol.208(1),64–76 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 47  Planat-Benard V, Menard C, Andre M et al.: Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation from adipose tissue stroma cells. Circ. Res.94(2),223–229 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48  Bai X, Pinkernell K, Song YH, Nabzdyk C, Reiser J, Alt E: Genetically selected stem cells from human adipose tissue express cardiac markers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.353(3),665–671 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 49  Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J et al.: Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation109(10),1292–1298 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 50  Miyahara Y, Nagaya N, Kataoka M et al.: Monolayered mesenchymal stem cells repair scarred myocardium after myocardial infarction. Nat. Med.12(4),459–465 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51  Valina C, Pinkernell K, Song YH et al.: Intracoronary administration of autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells improves left ventricular function, perfusion, and remodelling after acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J.28(21),2667–2677 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 52  Watanabe CT, Lee S, Daniels E et al.: Intracoronary adipose tissue-derived stem cell therapy preserves left ventricular function in a porcine infarct model. Am. J. Cardiol.94(Suppl. 6A),188E (2004).
  Google Scholar
• 53  Alt E, Scharlau M, Pinkernell K et al.: Uncultured, autologous adipose-derived stromal cells – a novel cell source for cardiac repair. Am. J. Card.96(7 Suppl. I),71H (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 54  Fotuhi P, Song YH, Alt E: Electrophysiological consequence of adipose-derived stem cell transplantation in infarcted porcine myocardium. Europace9(12),1218–1221 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 55  Fraser JK, Schreiber R, Strem B et al.: Plasticity of human adipose stem cells toward endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med.3(Suppl. 1),S33–S37 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 56  Anversa P, Rota M, Urbanek K et al.: Myocardial aging – a stem cell problem. Basic Res. Cardiol.100(6),482–493 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 57  Nishiyama N, Miyoshi S, Hida N et al.: The significant cardiomyogenic potential of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells25,2017–2024 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58  Henning RJ, Abu-Ali H, Balis JU, Morgan MB, Willing AE, Sanberg PR: Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Cell Transplant.13(7–8),729–739 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 59  Wu KH, Zhou B, Yu CT et al.: Therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord derived stem cells in a rat myocardial infarction model. Ann. Thorac. Surg.83(4),1491–1498 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 60  Leri A, Kajstura J, Anversa P: Cardiac stem cells and mechanisms of myocardial regeneration. Physiol. Rev.85,1373–1416 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 61  Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D et al.: Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell114,763–776 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62  Oh H, Bradfute SB, Gallardo TD et al.: Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100,12313–12318 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63  Dawn B, Stein AB, Urbanek K et al.: Cardiac stem cells delivered intravascularly traverse the vessel barrier, regenerate infarcted myocardium, and improve cardiac function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102,3766–3771 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 64  Messina E, De Angelis L, Frati G et al.: Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. Circ. Res.95,911–921 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 65  Barile L, Chimenti I, Gaetani R et al.: Cardiac stem cells: isolation, expansion and experimental use for myocardial regeneration. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med.4(Suppl. 1),S9–S14 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 66  Smith RR, Barile L, Cho HC et al.: Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation115,896–908 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 67  Oyama T, Nagai T, Wada H et al.: Cardiac side population cells have a potential to migrate and differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. J. Cell Biol.176,329–341 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68  Hierlihy AM, Seale P, Lobe CG, Rudnicki MA, Megeney LA: The post-natal heart contains a myocardial stem cell population. FEBS Lett.530,239–243 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 69  Matsuura K, Nagai T, Nishigaki N et al.: Adult cardiac Sca-1-positive cells differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes. J. Biol. Chem.279,11384–11391 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 70  Tang YL, Shen L, Qian K, Phillips MI: A novel two-step procedure to expand cardiac Sca-1⁺ cells clonally. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.359,877–883 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 71  Laugwitz KL, Moretti A, Lam J et al.: Postnatal Isl1⁺ cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages. Nature433,647–653 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 72  Mouquet F, Pfister O, Jain M et al.: Restoration of cardiac progenitor cells after myocardial infarction by self-proliferation and selective homing of bone marrow-derived stem cells. Circ. Res.97,1090–1097 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73  Tang YL, Zhao Q, Qin X et al.: Paracrine action enhances the effects of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on vascular regeneration in rat model of myocardial infarction. Ann. Thorac. Surg.80,229–236 (2005).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 74  Giordano J, Gerber HP, Williams SP et al.: A cardiac myocyte vascular endothelial growth factor paracrine pathway is required to maintain cardiac function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98,5780–5785 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 75  Shake JG, Gruber PJ, Baumgartner WA et al.: Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: engraftment and functional effects. Ann. Thorac. Surg.73(6),1919–1925 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 76  Zhang S, Shpall E, Willerson JT, Yeh ET: Fusion of human hematopoietic progenitor cells and murine cardiomyocytes is mediated by α4 β1 integrin/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 interaction. Circ. Res.100,693–702 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 77  Balsam LB, Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, Kofidis T, Weissman IL, Robbins RC: Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium. Nature428,668–673 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 78  Tang YL, Zhao Q, Zhang YC et al.: Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation induce VEGF and neovascularization in ischemic myocardium. Regul. Pept.117,3–10 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 79  Tang YL, Qian K, Zhang YC, Shen L, Phillips MI: Mobilizing of haematopoietic stem cells to ischemic myocardium by plasmid mediated stromal-cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) treatment. Regul. Pept.125,1–8 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80  Sadat S, Gehmert S, Song YH et al.: The cardioprotective effect of mesenchymal stem cells is mediated by IGF-I and VEGF. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.363(3),674–679 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 81  Zhang FM, Methot D, Poppa V, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Murry CE: Cardiomyocyte grafting for cardiac repair: graft cell death and anti-death strategies. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.33,907–992 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 82  Geng YJ: Molecular mechanisms for cardiovascular stem cell apoptosis and growth in the hearts with atherosclerotic coronary disease and ischemic heart failure. Science1010,687–697 (2003).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 83  Niagara NI, Haider HK, Jiang S, Ashraf M: Pharmacologically preconditioned skeletal myoblasts are resistant to oxidative stress and promote angiomyogenesis via release of paracrine factors in the infarcted heart. Circ. Res.100,545–555 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 84  Phillips MI, Tang YL: Genetic modification of stem cells for transplantation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.60(2),160–172 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 85  Datta SR, Brunet A, Greenberg ME: Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev.13,2905–2927 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 86  Otterbein LE, Choi AM: Heme oxygenase: colors of defense against cellular stress. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.279,L1029–L1037 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 87  Tang YL, Tang Y, Zhang YC, Qian K, Shen L, Phillips MI: Protection from ischemic heart injury by a vigilant heme oxygenase-1 plasmid system. Hypertension43,746–751 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 88  Tang YL, Tang Y, Zhang YC et al.: A hypoxia-inducible vigilant vector system for activating therapeutic genes in ischemia. Gene Ther.12,1163–1170 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89  Tang YL, Tang Y, Zhang YC, Qian K, Shen L, Phillips MI: Improved graft mesenchymal stem cell survival in ischemic heart with a hypoxia-regulated heme oxygenase-1 vector. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.46,1339–1350 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 90  Vandervelde S, Van Luyn MJ, Tio R, Harmsen MC: Signaling factors in stem cell-mediated repair of infarcted myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.39,363–376 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 91  Vulliet PR, Greeley M, Halloran SM, MacDonald KA, Kittleson MD: Intra-coronary arterial injection of mesenchymal stromal cells and microinfarction in dogs. Lancet363,783–784 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 92  Askari AT, Unzek S, Popovic ZB et al.: Effect of stromal-cell-derived factor 1 on stem-cell homing and tissue regeneration in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Lancet362,697–703 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 93  Grunewald M, Avraham I, Dor Y et al.: VEGF-induced adult neovascularization: recruitment, retention, and role of accessory cells. Cell124,175–189 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 94  Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ et al.: Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat. Med.10,858–864 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 95  Kucia M, Ratajczak J, Reca R, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Ratajczak MZ: Tissue-specific muscle, neural and liver stem/progenitor cells reside in the bone marrow, respond to an SDF-1 gradient and are mobilized into peripheral blood during stress and tissue injury. Blood Cells Mol. Dis.32,52–57 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 96  Abbott JD, Huang Y, Liu D, Hickey R, Krause DS, Giordano FJ: Stromal cell-derived factor-1α plays a critical role in stem cell recruitment to the heart after myocardial infarction but is not sufficient to induce homing in the absence of injury. Circulation110,3300–3305 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 97  Yamaguchi J, Kusano KF, Masuo O et al.: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 effects on ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cell recruitment for ischemic neovascularization. Circulation107,1322–1328 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 98  Buning H, Braun-Falco M, Hallek M: Progress in the use of adeno-associated viral vectors for gene therapy. Cells Tissues Organs177,139–150 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 99  Dimmeler S, Burchfield J, Zeiher AM: Cell-based therapy of myocardial infarction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.28(2),208–216 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 100  Lipinski MJ, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A et al.: Impact of intracoronary cell therapy on left ventricular function in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(18),1761–1767 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 101  Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, Wijns W et al.: Bone-marrow-derived cells for cardiac stem cell therapy: safe or still under scrutiny? Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med.4(Suppl. 1),S100–S105 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 102  Taylor DA, Zenovich AG: Cell therapy for left ventricular remodeling. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep.4(1),3–10 (2006).
  Google Scholar
• 103  Seeger FH, Tonn T, Krzossok N, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S: Cell isolation procedures matter: a comparison of different isolation protocols of bone marrow mononuclear cells used for cell therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J.28(6),766–772 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 104  Assmus B, Honold J, Schächinger V et al.: Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.355(12),1222–1232 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 105  Rosenzweig A: Cardiac cell therapy – mixed results from mixed cells. N. Eng. J. Med.355(12),1274–1277 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 106  Schächinger V, Erbs S, Elsässer A et al.: Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.355(12),1210–1221 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 107  Schächinger V, Erbs S, Elsässer A et al.: Improved clinical outcome after intracoronary administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the REPAIR-AMI trial. Eur. Heart J.27(23),2775–2783 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 108  Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A et al.: Sustained clinical benefit from intracoronary infusion of bone marrow derived progenitor cells in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation116,II777 (2007).
  Google Scholar
• 109  Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M et al.: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell131(5),861–872 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 110  Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K et al.: Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science21, 318(5858),1917–1920 (2007).
  Google Scholar
• 111  Nakagawa M, Koyanagi M, Tanabe K et al.: Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nat. Biotechnol.26(1),101–106 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar