Autobionics: a new paradigm in regenerative medicine and surgery

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

Bibliography

• 1  Monties JR: Leonardo da Vinci: precursor member of the international society for rotary blood pumps? Artif. Organs23(6),477–479 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2  Robicsek F: Leonardo da Vinci and the sinuses of valsalva. Ann. Thorac. Surg.52(2),328–335 (1991).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3  Vincent JF, Bogatyreva OA, Bogatyrev NR, Bowyer A, Pahl AK: Biomimetics: its practice and theory. J. R. Soc. Interface3(9),471–482 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4  Historical highlights in bionics and related medicine. Science295(5557),995 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5  Craelius W: The bionic man: restoring mobility. Science295(5557),1018–1021 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 6  Camporesi S: Oscar pistorius, enhancement and post-humans. J. Med. Ethics34(9),639 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 7  Miodownik M: The bionic future of sport. Mater. Today10(9),6 (2007).
  Google Scholar
• 8  Taylor DO, Edwards LB, Aurora P et al.: Registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: twenty-fifth official adult heart transplant report – 2008. J. Heart Lung Transplant.27(9),943–956 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9  Perl J, Bargman JM, Davies SJ, Jassal SV: Clinical outcomes after failed renal transplantation – does dialysis modality matter? Semin. Dial.21(3),239–244 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10  Whitaker IS, Karoo RO, Spyrou G, Fenton OM: The birth of plastic surgery: the story of nasal reconstruction from the edwin smith papyrus to the twenty-first century. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.120(1),327–336 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 11  Sorta-Bilajac I, Muzur A: The nose between ethics and aesthetics: Sushruta’s legacy. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.137(5),707–710 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 12  Pickrell KL, Broadbent TR, Masters FW, Metzger JT: Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting the gracilis muscle; a report of four cases in children. Ann. Surg.135(6),853–862 (1952).▪▪ Identifies the first use of the gracilis muscle in fashioning a functional rectal neo-sphincter in humans.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13  Lower RR, Stofer RC, Shumway NE: A study of pulmonary valve autotransplantation. Surgery48,1090–1100 (1960).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14  Lower RR, Stofer RC, Shumway NE: Autotransplantation of the pulmonic valve into the aorta. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.39,680–687 (1960).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15  Pillsbury RC, Shumway NE: Replacement of the aortic valve with the autologous pulmonic valve. Surg. Forum17,176–177 (1966).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16  Hochrein M: Der mechanismus der semilunarklappen des herzens. Dtsch Arch. Klin. Med.54,131–164 (1927).
  Google Scholar
• 17  Ross DN: Replacement of aortic and mitral valves with a pulmonary autograft. Lancet2(7523),956–958 (1967).▪▪ Identifies the first pulmonary autograft or ‘Ross procedure’ in humans.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18  Ashrafian H, Griselli M, Rubens MB, Mullen MJ, Sethia B: Pulmonary homograft endocarditis 19 years after a Ross procedure. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.55(1),55–56 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19  Hon JK, Melina G, Wray J, Yacoub MH: Insights from 36 years’ follow up of a patient with the Ross operation. J. Heart Valve Dis.12(5),561–565 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 20  Gonzalez-Lavin L, Metras D, Ross DN: Anatomic and physiologic bases for the Ross procedure. J. Heart Valve Dis.5(4),383–390; discussion 401–383 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21  Legarra JJ, Concha M, Casares J, Merino C, Munoz I, Alados P: Left ventricular remodeling after pulmonary autograft replacement of the aortic valve (Ross operation). J. Heart Valve Dis.10(1),43–48 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22  Yacoub MH, Klieverik LM, Melina G et al.: An evaluation of the Ross operation in adults. J. Heart Valve Dis.15(4),531–539 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 23  Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K et al.: 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation118(15),e523–e661 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 24  Yacoub MH: The Ross operation – an evolutionary tale. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann.14(1),1–2 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 25  Williams DB, Danielson GK, Mcgoon DC, Puga FJ, Mair DD, Edwards WD: Porcine heterograft valve replacement in children. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.84(3),446–450 (1982).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26  Gorczynski A, Trenkner M, Anisimowicz L et al.: Biomechanics of the pulmonary autograft valve in the aortic position. Thorax37(7),535–539 (1982).▪ Identifies the biomechanics of pulmonary autografts.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27  Athanasiou T, Cherian A, Ross D: The Ross II procedure: pulmonary autograft in the mitral position. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78(4),1489–1495 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 28  Dejesus FR: Breve consideraciones sobre un case de herida penetrante del corazon. Bol. Asoc. Med. P. R.23,380–382 (1931).▪ Applies skeletal muscle to treat injured cardiac muscle.
  Google Scholar
• 29  Leriche R, Fontaine R: Essai expérimental de traitement de certains infarctus du myocarde et de l’anéurysme du coeur par une graffe muscle strié. Bull. Soc. Nat. Chir.9,229–232 (1933).▪ Applies skeletal muscle to treat injured cardiac muscle.
  Google Scholar
• 30  Beck CS: The development of a new blood supply to the heart by operation. Ann. Surg.102,801–813 (1935).▪ Identifies the circulatory physiology when applying skeletal muscle onto cardiac muscle.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31  Beck CS: A new blood supply to the heart by operation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.61,407–410 (1935).▪ Identifies the circulatory physiology when applying skeletal muscle onto cardiac muscle.
  Google Scholar
• 32  Kantrowitz A, McKinnon KW: The experimental use of the diaphragm as an auxiliary myocardium. Surg. Forum9,266–268 (1958).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 33  Kusaba E, Schraut W, Sawatani S, Jaron D, Freed P, Kantrowitz A: A diaphragmatic graft for augmenting left ventricular function: a feasibility study. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs19,251–257 (1973).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34  Dewar ML, Drinkwater DC, Wittnich C, Chiu RC: Synchronously stimulated skeletal muscle graft for myocardial repair. An experimental study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.87(3),325–331 (1984).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 35  Salmons S, Sreter FA: Significance of impulse activity in the transformation of skeletal muscle type. Nature263(5572),30–34 (1976).▪▪ Identifies the role of impulse activity on transforming skeletal muscle.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36  Salmons S, Vrbova G: The influence of activity on some contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow muscles. J. Physiol.201(3),535–549 (1969).▪ Identifies the role of impulse activity on muscular contraction by fast- and slow-twitch fibers.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37  Acker MA, Hammond RL, Mannion JD, Salmons S, Stephenson LW: Skeletal muscle as the potential power source for a cardiovascular pump: assessment in vivo. Science236(4799),324–327 (1987).▪▪ Identifies the potential of transforming skeletal muscle to provide ‘cardiac-like’ function.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 38  Carpentier A, Chachques JC: Myocardial substitution with a stimulated skeletal muscle: first successful clinical case. Lancet1(8440),1267 (1985).▪▪ Identifies the first dynamic cardiomyoplasty in humans.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39  Chachques JC, Grandjean P, Schwartz K et al.: Effect of latissimus dorsi dynamic cardiomyoplasty on ventricular function. Circulation78(Suppl. III),203–216 (1988).
  Google Scholar
• 40  Lee KF, Dignan RJ, Parmar JM et al.: Effects of dynamic cardiomyoplasty on left ventricular performance and myocardial mechanics in dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.102(1),124–131 (1991).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41  Bellotti G, Moraes A, Bocchi E et al.: Late effects of cardiomyoplasty on left ventricular mechanics and diastolic filling. Circulation88(5 Pt 2),II304–II308 (1993).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42  Nakajima H, Niinami H, Hooper TL et al.: Cardiomyoplasty: probable mechanism of effectiveness using the pressure–volume relationship. Ann. Thorac. Surg.57(2),407–415 (1994).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43  Bolotin G, Lorusso R, Schreuder JJ, Kaulbach HG, Uretzky G, van der Veen FH: Effects of acute dynamic cardiomyoplasty in a goat model of chronic ventricular dilatation: part 1. Ann. Thorac. Surg.74(2),507–513 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 44  Kaulbach HG, Lorusso R, Bolotin G, Schreuder JJ, van der Veen FH: Effects of chronic cardiomyoplasty on ventricular remodeling in a goat model of chronic cardiac dilatation: part 2. Ann. Thorac. Surg.74(2),514–521 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 45  Mott BD, Oh JH, Misawa Y et al.: Mechanisms of cardiomyoplasty: comparative effects of adynamic versus dynamic cardiomyoplasty. Ann. Thorac. Surg.65(4),1039–1044; discussion 1044–1035 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 46  Shirota K, Kawaguchi O, Huang Y et al.: Ventricular remodeling after cardiomyoplasty in heart failure sheep: passive and dynamic effects. Ann. Thorac. Surg.70(6),2102–2106 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 47  Silverman NA: Invited letter concerning: clinical and left ventricular function outcomes up to five years after dynamic cardiomyoplasty. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.109(2),397–398 (1995).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48  Furnary AP, Jessup FM, Moreira LP: Multicenter trial of dynamic cardiomyoplasty for chronic heart failure. The American Cardiomyoplasty Group. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.28(5),1175–1180 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 49  Astra LI, Stephenson LW: Skeletal muscle as a myocardial substitute. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.224(3),133–140 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 50  Starling RC, Jessup M, Oh JK et al.: Sustained benefits of the CorCap cardiac support device on left ventricular remodeling: three year follow-up results from the acorn clinical trial. Ann. Thorac. Surg.84(4),1236–1242 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 51  Schenk S, Reichenspurner H, Groezner JG et al.: Myosplint implantation and ventricular shape change in patients with dilative cardiomyopathy – first clinical experience. J. Heart Lung Transplant.20(2),217 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52  Chachques JC: Cardiomyoplasty: is it still a viable option in patients with end-stage heart failure? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.35(2),201–203 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 53  Sherwood JT, Schomisch SJ, Thompson DR, George DT, Cmolik BL: Aortomyoplasty: hemodynamics and comparison to the intraaortic balloon pump. J. Surg. Res.110(2),315–321 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 54  Trainini J, Cabrera Fischer EI, Barisani J et al.: Dynamic aortomyoplasty in treating end-stage heart failure. J. Heart Lung Transplant.21(10),1068–1073 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 55  Choy DS, Ellis R: Multiple hearts in animals other than barosaurus. Lancet352(9129),744 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 56  Gray NA Jr, Selzman CH: Current status of the total artificial heart. Am. Heart J.152(1),4–10 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 57  Acker MA, Anderson WA, Hammond RL et al.: Skeletal muscle ventricles in circulation. One to eleven weeks’ experience. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.94(2),163–174 (1987).▪ Describes the early use of skeletal-muscle ventricles.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58  Thomas GA, Isoda S, Hammond RL et al.: Pericardium-lined skeletal muscle ventricles: up to two years’ in-circulation experience. Ann. Thorac. Surg.62(6),1698–1706; discussion 1698–1706 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59  Thomas GA, Lu H, Isoda S et al.: Skeletal muscle ventricles in circulation: decreased incidence of rupture. Ann. Thorac. Surg.61(1),430–436 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 60  Thomas GA, Hammond RL, Greer K et al.: Functional assessment of skeletal muscle ventricles after pumping for up to four years in circulation. Ann. Thorac. Surg.70(4),1281–1289; discussion 1290 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 61  Thomas GA, Lelkes PI, Chick DM et al.: Endothelial lined skeletal muscle ventricles: open and percutaneous seeding techniques. J. Card. Surg.10(3),245–256 (1995).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 62  Mannion JD, Hammond R, Stephenson LW: Hydraulic pouches of canine latissimus dorsi. Potential for left ventricular assistance. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.91(4),534–544 (1986).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63  Pochettino A, Spanta AD, Hammond RL et al.: Skeletal muscle ventricles for total heart replacement. Ann. Surg.212(3),345–352 (1990).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 64  Mannion JD, Acker MA, Hammond RL, Stephenson LW: Four hour circulatory assistance with canine skeletal muscle ventricles. Surg. Forum37,211–213 (1986).
  Google Scholar
• 65  Ramnarine IR, Capoccia M, Ashley Z et al.: Counterpulsation from the skeletal muscle ventricle and the intraaortic balloon pump in the normal and failing circulations. Circulation114(Suppl. 1),I10–I15 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 66  Mocek FW, Anderson DR, Pochettino A et al.: Skeletal muscle ventricles in circulation long-term: one hundred ninety-one to eight hundred thirty-six days. J. Heart Lung Transplant.11(5),S334–S340 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 67  Hooper TL, Niinami H, Hammond RL et al.: Skeletal muscle ventricles as left atrial-aortic pumps: short-term studies. Ann. Thorac. Surg.54(2),316–322 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68  Lu H, Fietsam R Jr, Hammond RL et al.: Skeletal muscle ventricles: left ventricular apex to aorta configuration. Ann. Thorac. Surg.55(1),78–85 (1993).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 69  Dabareiner RM, Schmitz DG, Honnas CM, Carter GK: Gracilis muscle injury as a cause of lameness in two horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.224(10),1630–1633, 1605–1636 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 70  Last RJ: Anatomy: Regional and Applied (7th Edition). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK (1984).
  Google Scholar
• 71  Coquerel-Beghin D, Milliez PY, Auquit-Auckbur I, Lemierre G, Duparc F: The gracilis musculocutaneous flap: vascular supply of the muscle and skin components. Surg. Radiol. Anat.28(6),588–595 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 72  Macchi V, Vigato E, Porzionato A et al.: The gracilis muscle and its use in clinical reconstruction: an anatomical, embryological, and radiological study. Clin. Anat.21(7),696–704 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73  Konsten J, Baeten CG, Havenith MG, Soeters PB: Morphology of dynamic graciloplasty compared with the anal sphincter. Dis. Colon Rectum36(6),559–563 (1993).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 74  Buller AJ, Eccles JC, Eccles RM: Interactions between motoneurones and muscles in respect of the characteristic speeds of their responses. J. Physiol.150,417–439 (1960).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 75  Adang EM, Engel GL, Rutten FF, Geerdes BP, Baeten CG: Cost-effectiveness of dynamic graciloplasty in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis. Colon Rectum41(6),725–733; discussion 733–724 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 76  Belyaev O, Muller C, Uhl W: Neosphincter surgery for fecal incontinence: a critical and unbiased review of the relevant literature. Surg. Today36(4),295–303 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 77  Madoff RD: Surgical treatment options for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology126(Suppl. 1),S48–S54 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 78  Flickinger EG, Pories WJ, Meelheim HD, Sinar DR, Blose IL, Thomas FT: The greenville gastric bypass. Progress report at 3 years. Ann. Surg.199(5),555–562 (1984).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 79  Pories WJ, Swanson MS, Macdonald KG et al.: Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann. Surg.222(3),339–350; discussion 350–332 (1995).▪▪ Identifies the weight-independent effects of metabolic surgery on diabetes resolution.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 80  Ashrafian H, Bueter M, Ahmed K et al.: Metabolic surgery: an evolution through bariatric animal models. Obes. Rev. (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  Google Scholar
• 81  Ashrafian H, Le Roux CW: Metabolic surgery and gut hormones – a review of bariatric entero-humoral modulation. Physiol. Behav.97(5),620–631 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 82  Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E et al.: Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA292(14),1724–1737 (2004).▪▪ Identifies the benefits of metabolic surgery.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 83  Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K et al.: Weight and Type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Med.122(3),248–256 e245 (2009).▪ Identifyies the antidiabetic effects of metabolic surgery.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 84  Celi FS: Brown adipose tissue – when it pays to be inefficient. N. Engl. J. Med.360(15),1553–1556 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 85  Carey DG, Pliego GJ, Raymond RL, Skau KB: Body composition and metabolic changes following bariatric surgery: effects on fat mass, lean mass and basal metabolic rate. Obes. Surg.16(4),469–477 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 86  Cornu M, Yang JY, Jaccard E, Poussin C, Widmann C, Thorens B: Glp-1 protects β-cells against apoptosis by increasing the activtiy of an IGF-2/IGF1-receptor autocrine loop. Diabetes58(8),1816–1825 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 87  Holz GG, Leech CA, Heller RS, Castonguay M, Habener JF: Camp-dependent mobilization of intracellular Ca²⁺ stores by activation of ryanodine receptors in pancreatic β-cells. A Ca²⁺ signaling system stimulated by the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-37). J. Biol. Chem.274(20),14147–14156 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 88  Holz GG: Epac: a new camp-binding protein in support of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction in the pancreatic β-cell. Diabetes53(1),5–13 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 89  Ashrafian H, Le Roux CW, Darzi A, Athanasiou T: Effects of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular function. Circulation118(20),2091–2102 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 90  Service GJ, Thompson GB, Service FJ, Andrews JC, Collazo-Clavell ML, Lloyd RV: Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with nesidioblastosis after gastric-bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med.353(3),249–254 (2005).▪▪ Identifies that metabolic surgery not only resolves diabetes but, in some cases, can lead to an excess insulin release.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 91  Cummings DE: Gastric bypass and nesidioblastosis – too much of a good thing for islets? N. Engl. J. Med.353(3),300–302 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 92  Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A: Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, hippocrates and his teacher democritus. Hell. J. Nucl. Med.11(1),2–4 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar