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Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main St., MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

^*Authors contributed equally

Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main St., MS-142, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

^*Authors contributed equally

Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital & The Methodist Hospital, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA

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Rebekah Drezek

† Author for correspondence

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Email the corresponding author at drezek@rice.edu

Published Online:27 Jul 2011https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.11.79

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Abstract

Nanoparticles have potential applications in diagnostics, imaging, gene and drug delivery and other types of therapy. Iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and quantum dots have all generated substantial interest and their properties and applications have been thoroughly studied. Yet, metal-containing particles raise biodistribution and toxicity concerns because they can be quickly cleared from the blood by the reticuloendothelial system and can remain in organs, such as the liver and spleen, for prolonged periods of time. Design considerations, such as size, shape, surface coating and dosing, can be manipulated to prolong blood circulation and enhance treatment efficacy, but nonspecific distribution has thus far been unavoidable. Renal excretion of nanoparticles is possible and is size dependent, but the need to incorporate coatings to particles for increased circulation can hinder such excretion. Further long-term studies are needed because recent work has shown varying degrees of in vivo toxicity as well as varying levels of nanoparticle excretion over time. The interaction of these particles with immune cells and their effect on the innate and adaptive immune response also needs further characterization. Finally, more systematic in vitro approaches are needed to both guide in vivo work and better correlate nanoparticle properties to their biological effects.

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Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

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Published online 27 July 2011

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Nastassja Lewinski and Adam Lin for thoughtful discussions and editorial assistance.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

This work was supported by the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (NSF EEC-0118007 and EEC-0647452). AL Chen acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Grant No. 0940902). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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In vivo biodistribution of nanoparticles

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