Hepatitis A virus: serology and molecular diagnostics

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

Bibliography

• 1  Cuthbert JA: Hepatitis A: old and new. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.14(1),38–58 (2001).▪ Detailed review of epidemiological, clinical and pathophysiological features of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2  Jacobsen KH, Koopman JS: Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis. Epidemiol. Infect.132(6),1005–1022 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3  Wasley A, Grytdal S, Gallagher K: Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis – United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill. Summ.57(2),1–24 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4  Roque-Afonso AM, Grangeot-Keros L, Roquebert B et al.: Diagnostic relevance of immunoglobulin G avidity for hepatitis A virus. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(11),5121–5124 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5  Stapleton JT: Host immune response to hepatitis A virus. J. Infect. Dis.171(Suppl.) 1S9–1S14 (1995).
  Google Scholar
• 6  Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS: Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.19(1),63–79 (2006).▪▪ Detailed review on molecular epidemiology of HAV.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 7  Lemon SM, Jansen RW, Brown EA: Genetic, antigenic and biological differences between strains of hepatitis A virus. Vaccine10(Suppl.),1S40–1S44 (1992).
  Google Scholar
• 8  Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP: Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm. Rep.55(RR-7),1–23 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 9  de Paula VS, Villar LM, Morais LM, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Niel C, Gaspar AM: Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA in serum during the window period of infection. J. Clin. Virol.29(4),254–259 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 10  Bower WA, Nainan OV, Han X, Margolis HS: Duration of viremia in hepatitis A virus infection. J. Infect. Dis.182(1),12–17 (2000).▪ First insight into the duration of HAV viremia by molecular techniques.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 11  Costa-Mattioli M, Monpoeho S, Nicand E, Aleman MH, Billaudel S, Ferre V: Quantification and duration of viraemia during hepatitis A infection as determined by real-time RT-PCR. J. Viral Hepat.9(2),101–106 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12  Yotsuyanagi H, Koike K, Yasuda K et al.: Prolonged fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in adult patients with hepatitis A as determined by polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology24(1),10–13 (1996).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13  Costa-Mattioli M, Allavena C, Poirier AS, Billaudel S, Raffi F, Ferre V: Prolonged hepatitis A infection in an HIV-1 seropositive patient. J. Med. Virol.68(1),7–11 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 14  Polish LB, Robertson BH, Khanna B et al.: Excretion of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in adults: comparison of immunologic and molecular detection methods and relationship between HAV positivity and infectivity in tamarins. J. Clin. Microbiol.37(11),3615–3617 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15  Glikson M, Galun E, Oren R, Tur-Kaspa R, Shouval D: Relapsing hepatitis A. Review of 14 cases and literature survey. Medicine (Baltimore)71(1),14–23 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16  Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Marrocco C et al.: HAV replication in acute hepatitis with typical and atypical clinical course. J. Med. Virol.71(1),1–6 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 17  Fainboim L, Canero Velasco MC, Marcos CY et al.: Protracted, but not acute, hepatitis A virus infection is strongly associated with HLA-DRB*1301, a marker for pediatric autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology33(6),1512–1517 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 18  Gordon SC, Reddy KR, Schiff L, Schiff ER: Prolonged intrahepatic cholestasis secondary to acute hepatitis A. Ann. Intern. Med.101(5),635–637 (1984).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19  Vallbracht A, Maier K, Stierhof YD, Wiedmann KH, Flehmig B, Fleischer B: Liver-derived cytotoxic T cells in hepatitis A virus infection. J. Infect. Dis.160(2),209–217 (1989).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20  Willner IR, Uhl MD, Howard SC, Williams EQ, Riely CA, Waters B: Serious hepatitis A: an analysis of patients hospitalized during an urban epidemic in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med.128(2),111–114 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21  Rezende G, Roque-Afonso AM, Samuel D et al.: Viral and clinical factors associated with the fulminant course of hepatitis A infection. Hepatology38(3),613–618 (2003).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 22  Wiedmann M, Boehm S, Schumacher W, Swysen C, Zauke M: Evaluation of three commercial assays for the detection of hepatitis a virus. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.22(2),129–130 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 23  Roque-Afonso AM, Mackiewicz V, Dussaix E: Detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis A virus in patients without acute hepatitis A: the usefulness of specific immunoglobulin G avidity. Clin. Infect. Dis.42(6),887–888 (2006).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 24  Syhavong B RB, Smythe L, Rolain J-M et al.: The infective causes of hepatitis and jaundice amongst hospitalised patients in Vientiane, Laos. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2010) (In press).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 25  Zaaijer HL, Leentvaar-Kuijpers A, Rotman H, Lelie PN: Hepatitis A antibody titres after infection and immunization: implications for passive and active immunization. J. Med. Virol.40(1),22–27 (1993).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26  Just M, Berger R: Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. Vaccine10(Suppl.),1S110–1S113 (1992).
  Google Scholar
• 27  Joshi MS, Chitambar SD, Arankalle VA, Chadha MS: Evaluation of urine as a clinical specimen for diagnosis of hepatitis A. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.9(4),840–845 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 28  Morris-Cunnington MC, Edmunds WJ, Miller E, Brown DW: A population-based seroprevalence study of hepatitis A virus using oral fluid in England and Wales. Am. J. Epidemiol.159(8),786–794 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 29  Pina S, Buti M, Jardi R, Clemente-Casares P, Jofre J, Girones R: Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from the environment and from patients with acute hepatitis. J. Gen. Virol.82(Pt 12),2955–2963 (2001).▪▪ Results of a 5–7 year surveillance of HAV strains from environmental and clinical samples in south Italy. Highlights the existence of an environmental reservoir of HAV.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30  Mackiewicz V, Dussaix E, Le Petitcorps MF, Roque-Afonso AM: Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA in saliva. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(9),4329–4331 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31  Sanchez G, Bosch A, Pinto RM: Hepatitis A virus detection in food: current and future prospects. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.45(1),1–5 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32  Desbois D, Roque-Afonso AM, Lebraud P, Dussaix E: Use of dried serum spots for serological and molecular detection of hepatitis a virus. J. Clin. Microbiol.47(5),1536–1542 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 33  Amado LA, Villar LM, de Paula VS, Gaspar AM: Comparison between serum and saliva for the detection of hepatitis A virus RNA. J. Virol. Methods148(1–2),74–80 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 34  Jorquera JI: Safety procedures of coagulation factors. Haemophilia13(Suppl.),541–546 (2007).
  Google Scholar
• 35  Heitmann A, Laue T, Schottstedt V, Dotzauer A, Pichl L: Occurrence of hepatitis A virus genotype III in Germany requires the adaptation of commercially available diagnostic test systems. Transfusion45(7),1097–1105 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 36  Sanchez G, Populaire S, Butot S, Putallaz T, Joosten H: Detection and differentiation of human hepatitis A strains by commercial quantitative real-time RT-PCR tests. J. Virol. Methods132(1–2),160–165 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 37  Jones TH, Brassard J, Johns MW, Gagne MJ: The effect of pre-treatment and sonication of centrifugal ultrafiltration devices on virus recovery. J. Virol. Methods161(2),199–204 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 38  Bosch A, Guix S, Sano D, Pinto RM: New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.19(3),295–301 (2008).▪ Review on the technical difficulties and requirements for virus detection from water samples.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 39  Goswami BB, Burkhardt W 3rd, Cebula TA: Identification of genetic variants of hepatitis A virus. J. Virol. Methods65(1),95–103 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 40  Mackiewicz V, Roque-Afonso AM, Marchadier E, Nicand E, Fki-Berrajah L, Dussaix E: Rapid investigation of hepatitis A virus outbreak by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. J. Med. Virol.76(2),271–278 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 41  Robertson BH, Jansen RW, Khanna B et al.: Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from different geographical regions. J. Gen. Virol.73(Pt 6),1365–1377 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 42  Costa-Mattioli M, Cristina J, Romero H et al.: Molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus: a new classification based on the complete VP1 protein. J. Virol.76(18),9516–9525 (2002).▪▪ A total of 81 sequences of the VP1 gene from strains with specified geographical origin. New data on worldwide genotypes distribution with a more accurate strain determination.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 43  Lu L, Ching KZ, de Paula VS et al.: Characterization of the complete genomic sequence of genotype II hepatitis A virus (CF53/Berne isolate). J. Gen. Virol.85(Pt 10),2943–2952 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 44  Nainan OV, Armstrong GL, Han XH, Williams I, Bell BP, Margolis HS: Hepatitis a molecular epidemiology in the United States, 1996–1997: sources of infection and implications of vaccination policy. J. Infect. Dis.191(6),957–963 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 45  Hutin YJ, Pool V, Cramer EH et al.: A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. N. Engl. J. Med.340(8),595–602 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 46  Jansen RW, Siegl G, Lemon SM: Molecular epidemiology of human hepatitis A virus defined by an antigen-capture polymerase chain reaction method. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA.87(8),2867–2871 (1990).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 47  Joshi MS, Walimbe AM, Chitambar SD: Evaluation of genomic regions of hepatitis A virus for phylogenetic analysis: Suitability of the 2C region for genotyping. J. Virol. Methods153(1),36–42 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 48  Bruisten SM, van Steenbergen JE, Pijl AS, Niesters HG, van Doornum GJ, Coutinho RA: Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. J. Med. Virol.63(2),88–95 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 49  Costa-Mattioli M, di Napoli A, Ferre V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J: Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J. Gen. Virol.84(Pt 12),3191–3201 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 50  Normann A, Badur S, Onel D et al.: Acute hepatitis A virus infection in Turkey. J. Med. Virol.80(5),785–790 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 51  Song HU, Hwang SG, Kwon CI et al.: Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus in the South-East area of Gyeonggi-do in Korea. Yonsei Med. J.50(4),512–516 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 52  Tjon GM, Wijkmans CJ, Coutinho RA et al.: Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A in Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands. J. Clin. Virol.32(2),128–136 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 53  Amon JJ, Devasia R, Xia G et al.: Molecular epidemiology of foodborne hepatitis a outbreaks in the United States, 2003. J. Infect. Dis.192(8),1323–1330 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 54  Wheeler C, Vogt TM, Armstrong GL et al.: An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions. N. Engl. J. Med.353(9),890–897 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 55  Villar LM, de Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L et al.: Molecular detection of hepatitis A virus in urban sewage in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.45(2),168–173 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 56  Divizia M, Gabrieli R, Macaluso A et al.: Nucleotide correlation between HAV isolates from human patients and environmental samples. J. Med. Virol.75(1),8–12 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 57  Kittigul L, Uthaisin A, Ekchaloemkiet S, Utrarachkij F, Luksamijarulkul P: Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus in water samples in Thailand. J. Appl. Microbiol.100(6),1318–1323 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 58  Arankalle VA, Sarada Devi KL, Lole KS, Shenoy KT, Verma V, Haneephabi M: Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus from a large outbreak from Kerala, India. Indian J. Med. Res.123(6),760–769 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 59  Nenonen NP, Hernroth B, Chauque AA, Hannoun C, Bergstrom T: Detection of hepatitis A virus genotype IB variants in clams from Maputo Bay, Mozambique. J. Med. Virol.78(7),896–905 (2006).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 60  Arraj A, Bohatier J, Aumeran C, Bailly JL, Laveran H, Traore O: An epidemiological study of enteric viruses in sewage with molecular characterization by RT-PCR and sequence analysis. J. Water Health6(3),351–358 (2008).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 61  Le Guyader F, Haugarreau L, Miossec L, Dubois E, Pommepuy M: Three-year study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.66(8),3241–3248 (2000).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 62  De Serres G, Cromeans TL, Levesque B et al.: Molecular confirmation of hepatitis A virus from well water: epidemiology and public health implications. J. Infect. Dis.179(1),37–43 (1999).▪▪ Detailed investigation of a waterborne outbreak in a low-endemicity area. Identification of the transmission chain.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 63  Fiore AE: Hepatitis A transmitted by food. Clin. Infect. Dis.38(5),705–715 (2004).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 64  Halliday ML, Kang LY, Zhou TK et al.: An epidemic of hepatitis A attributable to the ingestion of raw clams in Shanghai, China. J. Infect. Dis.164(5),852–859 (1991).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 65  Tjon G, Xiridou M, Coutinho R, Bruisten S: Different transmission patterns of hepatitis A virus for two main risk groups as evidenced by molecular cluster analysis. J. Med. Virol.79(5),488–494 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 66  Santa-Olalla P, Roque-Afonso A, Couturier E et al.: Utilisation de tests salivaires dans l’investigation d’une épidémie d’hépatite A, Auvergne, décembre 2004. Bull. Epidemiol. Hebd.2 –313–315 (2006).
  Google Scholar
• 67  Tallo T, Norder H, Tefanova V et al.: Sequential changes in hepatitis A virus genotype distribution in Estonia during 1994 to 2001. J. Med. Virol.70(2),187–193 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 68  Stene-Johansen K, Tjon G, Schreier E et al.: Molecular epidemiological studies show that hepatitis A virus is endemic among active homosexual men in Europe. J. Med. Virol.79(4),356–365 (2007).▪▪ Illustrates the transmission of HAV among networks of persons with similar risk factors for infection.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 69  Sundkvist T, Aitken C, Duckworth G, Jeffries D: Outbreak of acute hepatitis A among homosexual men in East London. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.29(3),211–212 (1997).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 70  Couturier E, Roque-Afonso AM, Letort MJ, Dussaix E, Vaillant V, de Valk H: Cluster of cases of hepatitis A with a travel history to Egypt, September–November 2008, France. Euro Surveill.14(3),19094 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 71  Robesyn E, Micalessi MI, Quoilin S, Naranjo M, Thomas I: Cluster of hepatitis A cases among travellers returning from Egypt, Belgium, September through November 2008. Euro Surveill.14(3),19095 (2009).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 72  Demicheli V, Tiberti D: The effectiveness and safety of hepatitis A vaccine: a systematic review. Vaccine21(19–20),2242–2245 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 73  Sanchez G, Pinto RM, Vanaclocha H, Bosch A: Molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus isolates from a transcontinental shellfish-borne outbreak. J. Clin. Microbiol.40(11),4148–4155 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar