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Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer

    Matteo Ferro

    Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Authors contributed equally

    Search for more papers by this author

    ,
    Carlo Buonerba

    *Author for correspondence:

    E-mail Address: carbuone@hotmail.com

    Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

    Authors contributed equally

    Search for more papers by this author

    ,
    Daniela Terracciano

    Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

    ,
    Giuseppe Lucarelli

    Department of Emergency & Organ Transplantation – Urology, Andrology & Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    ,
    Vincenzo Cosimato

    Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

    ,
    Danilo Bottero

    Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    ,
    Victor M Deliu

    Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    ,
    Pasquale Ditonno

    Department of Emergency & Organ Transplantation – Urology, Andrology & Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    ,
    Sisto Perdonà

    Department of Urology, National Cancer Institute of Naples, Naples, Italy

    ,
    Riccardo Autorino

    Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

    ,
    Ioman Coman

    Department of Urology ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    ,
    Sabino De Placido

    Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

    ,
    Giuseppe Di Lorenzo

    Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

    &
    Ottavio De Cobelli

    Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Department of Urology ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Published Online:https://doi.org/10.2217/fon.15.318

    Biomarkers can improve prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for early diagnosis of prostate cancer is not satisfactory, as it is an organ- but not cancer-specific biomarker, and it can be improved by using models that incorporate PSA along with other test results, such as prostate cancer antigen 3, the molecular forms of PSA (proPSA, benign PSA and intact PSA), as well as kallikreins. Recent reports suggest that new tools may be provided by metabolomic studies as shown by preliminary data on sarcosine. Additional molecular biomarkers have been identified by the use of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. We review the most relevant biomarkers for early diagnosis and management of localized prostate cancer.

    Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

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