Anemia is highly prevalent in patients with cancer and its impact on quality of life and long-term outcome in these patients is well documented. Recombinant human erythropoietins, or epoetins, have been used to treat cancer-related or antitumor therapy-induced anemia for many years. Through a combination of clinical studies and extensive experience in the real-life clinical setting, epoetin beta has been shown to be efficacious and well tolerated, increasing hemoglobin levels, reducing the need for transfusion and improving quality of life. This favorable efficacy and safety profile has been demonstrated across a broad range of malignancy types, irrespective of the treatment used (platinum or nonplatinum based). The effect of treatment with epoetin beta is rapid, with mean hemoglobin increases of 1 g/dl seen as early as 4 weeks following the start of therapy. Furthermore, there is no evidence that epoetin beta negatively affects overall survival or tumor progression in anemic patients with cancer. The approved 30,000 IU once-weekly dosing regimen (as opposed to the 10,000 IU three-times weekly regimen) provides greater convenience and may result in improved treatment compliance.